Yabancı dil öğreniminde pek çok kişinin yanılgıya düştüğü ortak bir nokta vardır. Gramer temelli İngilizce öğrenmek. Daha ortaokul sıralarında kazandığımız bu olumsuz alışkanlık, dil öğrenimine yıllarımızı verdiğimiz halde belirli bir seviyenin üzerine çıkmamızı engellemiştir.
ANA SAYFA 
NLP BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMALAR
NLP BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMALAR | BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMALAR |
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Allen, Keith L.: An investigation of the
effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming procedures in treating
snake phobics. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(3), 861- B
University of Missouri at Kansas City, 76 pp. Pub. = AAC8216956,
1982.Abstract: New procedures of psychotherapy are
presented periodically in an effort to find more effective and
efficient therapy techniques. One recent procedure that is being
presented in a variety of workshops around the country is
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), which has been praised as a
great advancement for current therapy. NLP has been claimed to be
able to "cure" a person of a phobia in a single brief therapy
session. This study explored the effectiveness of NLP techniques in
changing the behavior of snake phobics under controlled conditions.
Thirty-six undergraduate students, identified as snake phobics by
their responses on the Fear Survey Schedule II and Behavior
Avoidance Test, took part in this experiment. They were randomly
assigned to three groups: (a) waiting list control group; (b) NLP
treatment group; and, (c) a single session of massed systematic
desensitization (MSD) treatment group. All 36 subjects took the
Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer as pretest and
posttest. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by number of
subjects were able to pick up a snake on the posttest, and by
examining differences in scores from pretest to posttest on the
Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer. One research question
examined whether there would be differences among subjects in the
three groups in their ability to approach a snake following the
conditions of their group. Another research question explored
whether there would be a difference in the level of fear expressed
during completion of snake approach tasks by subjects in the three
groups after treatment. Results of data analyses failed to support
that a statistically significant difference existed between
subjects who received no treatment and those who received NLP or
MSD treatment. The conclusion was made that NLP and MSD had no
effect on subjects' fear of snakes. While NLP treatment subjects
neither completed more snake approach tasks nor reported less fear
while performing those tasks, they did report more frequently that
they thought they were over their fear of snakes. It was
recommended that further research with larger populations and
different phobias be conducted to determine if these results are
reliable with different subjects, different therapists, and
different phobias.
2. Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of NLP: mere suggestion or reality?
Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of
NLP: mere suggestion or reality? Free University of Berlin,
educational sciences (Department 12), Institut of Psychology,
Master thesis., 1993.Abstract: Im Rahmen des Neurolinguistischen
Programmierens (NLP) ist von Bandler und Grinder (1979, 1981)
behauptet worden, man könne bestimmte innere Prozesse an
bestimmten Augenpositionen erkennen. Dies konnte trotz zahlreicher
Bemühungen empirisch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Da das NLP
einem programmatischen Ansatz zuzuordnen ist, soll in der
vorliegenden Arbeit versucht weren, das sogenannte
Augenbewegungsmodell auch auf seine Funktion hin zu untersuchen. In
der ersten Untersuchung sollten jeweils 12 Vpn anhand kurzer,
schriftlicher Anleitungen entweder das Augenbewegungsmodell oder
ein Gedächtnismodell des NLP lernen und anwenden. Die
erhobenen Veränderungen im Denk- and Kommunikationsverhalten
waren zwar weitgehend unabhängig von den Fragebogenversionen,
kovariierten jedoch stark mit dem Grad der Beschäftigung der
Vpn mit dem Lernstoff. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten 25 Vpn
beurteilen, für wie zutreffend sie Items, die den von NLP
postulierten Kategorien innerer Prozesse entsprachen, für
sechs verschiedene Fotos mit unterschiedlichen Augenpositionen
hielten. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen zum größten Teil den
NLP- Hypothesen.
3. Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational systems and interpersonal attraction.
Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational
systems and interpersonal attraction. Dissertation Abstracts
International 43(9), 3021-B United States International University,
192 pp. Pub. = AAC8301835, 1983.Abstract: This study was an empirical
investigation of one aspect of the Neurolinguistic Programming
(NLP) model developed since 1975 by Bandler and Grinder. The
relationship between matching Primary Representational Systems
(PRSs) and interpersonal attraction was examined. This research was
a necessary first step toward clinical application since, if
language usage were found to enhance interpersonal attraction,
training in PRS matching might provide a useful tool for
psychotherapists. The 143 adult respondents represented a general
cross- section of the United States population. They rated the
attractiveness of three male and three female target presenters
giving recorded monologue segments in language indicative of the
three most common PRSs. A counter-balanced design employing a Latin
square variation established the sequence of the segments.
Attraction was measured via the second scale, Counselor Rating Form
(Barak and LaCrosse, 1975). A null hypothesis was investigated,
first through measuring the relationship between attraction and the
respondent's primary, secondary, and least-used representational
systems; then by measuring visual, auditory and kinesthetic
PRS-oriented respondents' attraction toward target individuals
presenting in the three PRSs. The data were analyzed by two-way
analysis of variance to discover the perceived attractiveness
according to (1) PRS matching, (2) sex and (3) interaction of PRS
matching and sex. The findings showed that PRS matching and sex
made a difference in the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness
(of the target individuals) only as follows: Targets of the
opposite sex were experienced as significantly more attractive
(p<.05) and the interaction of secondary representational system
and opposite sex showed a significant relationship (p<.05) with
the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness.
4. Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe, and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics (psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)).
Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe,
and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics
(psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic
Programming (NLP)). Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11),
3515-B University of Missouri at Kansas City, 115 pp. Pub. =
AAC8404790, 1983.Abstract: The present study examined effects of
reflection, probes, predicate matching, and casual conversation on
perception of counselor warmth, threateningness, helpfulness, and
quality of counseling relationship. Each of 128 subjects heard one
of eight recordings of seven- minute counseling session segments.
Subjects then completed a counselor evaluation inventory consisting
of 35 statements, each to be rated on a seven-point scale.
Hypotheses tested were as follows: (a) Counseling techniques would
affect counselor-warmth ratings; (b) counseling technique would
affect counselor-threat ratings; (c) counseling technique would
affect counselor-helpfulness ratings; (d) counseling technique
would affect ratings on two versions of the Counselor Relationship
Inventory; (e) four items in the Counselor Relationship Inventory
would be answered differentially depending on counseling technique;
and, (f) counseling technique would have a differential effect on
the total score on the original Counselor Relationship Inventory
II, indicating instrument bias. Effects of counseling technique on
the dependent variable scales were tested using seven one-way
analyses of variance with Scheffe multiple ranges tests. Counseling
technique was found to differentially affect perception of warmth,
threat, helpfulness, and both relationship scales. Predicate-
matching received higher warmth ratings than reflection or non-
counseling, and was rated less threatening than reflections and
probes. Predicate-matching was also rated most helpful of the four
techniques. Non-counseling conversation was rated least helpful.
Predicate-matching also received higher ratings on the relationship
scales than reflections or probes. Comparison of scores on a four-
item subscale of the Counselor Relationship Inventory with scores
on four items designed to eliminate pro-reflection bias indicated
that the original items were answered more favorably for reflective
counselors than for predicate- matchers. However, total score on
the Counselor Relationship Inventory was not significantly
affected. It was concluded that item-bias was not of sufficient
magnitude to effect instrument-bias. Correlation coefficients
indicated that the short scales for warmth, threat, and helpfulness
were internally consistent. However, two items in the original
Counselor Relationship Inventory were found to be non-
significantly correlated with total inventory
score.
5. Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta-model and general systems in early psychotherapy.
Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of
interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta- model and
general systems in early psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts
International 44(9), 2887-B 2888-B Texas A & M University, 88
pp. Pub. = DA8329895, 1983.Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to
assess the differential effects of initial counseling sessions that
used basic components of the NLP meta-model as compared to initial
sessions which used interventions central to the general systems
approach. Subjects consisted of 44 undergraduate students who were
randomly selected from a pool of volunteers who had previously
expressed an interest in participating in counseling research. The
subjects were randomly assigned to a session in which interventions
from the meta-model were employed or to a session in which
techniques from the general systems approach were used. A
posttest-only control group design was employed and the resultant
data subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. No differences
were found between the meta- model and the general systems group.
Each experimental cell was evaluated from three vantage points:
from the perspective of the counselee; the counselor; and external
raters. The dependent measures were the Counseling Evaluation
Inventory (CEI), the Counselor Rating Form (CRF), the Depth of
Self- Exploration Scale (DS-ES), and a shortened form of the CEI.
Both approaches received favorable scores from the three vectors of
evaluation. However, the results failed to provide evidence that
there are measurable differences between counseling sessions which
use interventions from the NLP meta-model and counseling sessions
which employ verbal interactions from the general systems approach.
These findings suggest that the interventions from the NLP
meta-model are neither better nor worse than those techniques
currently presented in psychological training programs. Thus,
further research is encouraged to understand the appropriate use of
the NLP meta-model in counseling and
psychotherapy.
6. Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on headache pain.
Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and
psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on
headache pain. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(7), 2233-B
University of Montana, 110 pp. Pub. = DA8326959,
1983.Abstract: This study compared the effects of
reframing, a neurolinguistic programming technique, and relaxation
therapy on headache pain. Through advertising, 32 subjects were
recruited who suffered from a variety of nontraumatic headaches.
They were randomly assigned to four experimental cells formed by
the interaction of the two treatments and two therapists. Following
four weeks of baseline headache monitoring, the subjects received
three weeks of treatment and then continued to record headache data
for a four week follow-up period. The results showed significant
pre-post gains for both therapies but there were no differences
between the treatments. However, there were significant differences
in therapist's effectiveness. The literature of psychotherapeutic
approaches to headache control is selectively reviewed and
reframing is analyzed and compared to similar extant treatments.
The results are discussed and a limited recommendation is offered
for further research.
7. Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement hypothesis.
Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have
it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement
hypothesis. Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and
Hypnosis; Mar Vol 12(1) 1-23, 1991.Abstract: Conducted 2 studies with 62 female
undergraduates to investigate neurolinguistic programming's eye-
movement hypothesis. These studies incorporated distinctions
between remembered and constructed sensory specific experiences.
Results failed to support the neurolinguistic programming
hypothesis although post-hoc tests located some distinctive eye-
movement trends. There was a tendency for the auditory remembered
questions to be associated with a greater number of predicted eye
movements than expected by chance. Visually remembered and auditory
constructed questions tended to be positively associated with
predicted eye- movements both within and across eye- movement
instances. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological
Assn, all rights reserved)
8. Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts of NLP (Part 1).
Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts
of NLP (Part 1). University of Tübingen, unpublished Master
thesis., 1983.Abstract: Untersucht wurde die Fragestellung,
inwieweit das Angleichen der verwendeten Klienten- Prädikate
durch den Therapeuten, ein Gütekriterium für die
Gesprächsqualität sein kann. (Die Untersuchung war eine
Teiluntersuchung eines größeren Projektes.) 26 Teilnehmer
an einem Trainigskurs für psychologische Beratung nahmen an
der Untersuchung teil. Es gab zwei Beratungsgespräche. Im
ersten Beratungsgespräch kannte der Therapeut die Methode des
matchings noch nicht, im zweiten war er bereits eingeführt
worden. Die verwendeten Prädikate der Klienten innerhalb der
ersten 4 Gesprächsminuten und die verwendeten Prädikate
des Therapeuten in der 8-12 Minute wurden von drei Ratern
kategorisiert (V,A,K). Die Sitzungen wurden Videotechnisch
aufgenommen. Unspezifische Prädikate wurden nicht
berücksichtigt. Vor der Datenauswertung wurde die
Interraterreliabilitäten ermittelt. Sie lagen bei r=.02 und
r=.06. Diese waren dem Autor zu gering und die Untersuchung wurde
aus der Gesamtuntersuchung ausgesondert. Festgestellt wurde
dennoch, daß bei allen Ratings die kinästhetische
Kategorie überwiegte. Kritik: Aufgrund des nicht ganz
einsichtlichen Abbruchkriteriums wurden die Daten nicht
erschöpfend ausgewertet und tragen daher für die NLP
Forschung keinen Gewinn bei.
9. Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for the representation of consciousness.
Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for
the representation of consciousness. Dissertation Abstracts
International 41(9), 3565-B 2566-B The Fielding Institute, 126 pp.
Order = 8106799, 1980.Abstract: This dissertation tests the Bandler and
Grinder model for the representation of consciousness. The problem
examined is a psychological and phenomenological one which
confronts the issue of whether there is a meaningful association of
objective and subjective descriptions of experience. The Bandler
and Grinder postulate claims that by observing eye movements and
verbal predicates, psychotherapists and communicators can identify
how a person is organizing his ongoing conscious experience. The
experiment offers a video tape procedure exposing 40 college
students to a test of 24 stimulus items. The items are based on the
assumptions of Bandler and Grinder that people organize their
experience in visual, kinesthetic and auditory categories and that
they have a "most highly valued system" for organizing experience.
The stimulus items were constructed so that six objects were held
constant as the stimulus experience was varied. In addition, after
an interviewer presented the items to the subjects, a standard
probe question was asked. This yielded a total of N = 960
observations per stimulus. The experiment was videotaped in order
to record the eye movements and predicate responses of the
subjects. The design tested whether a significant number of
observations corresponded to the predicate stimulus for the
combination of eye movements and verbal predicates. Hypotheses were
made for each variable, visual, kinesthetic, and auditory, as well
as for the prediction of a "most highly valued system". Responses
in categories predicted by the model to the stimulus modes served
to substantiate or not substantiate the model. Hypotheses for the
combined predictions of eye movements and verbal predicates were
not substantiated. The findings show that the predominant eye
movements were in an upward direction regardless of a shift in the
stimulus. However, the predicate portion of the hypotheses was
substantiated, confounding the results. A conclusion substantiating
the model's postulate of a "most highly valued system" was not
supported. The evidence presented suggests that the organization of
ongoing conscious experience cannot be identified solely in terms
of visual, kinesthetic, and auditory representations. A different
interpretation of the significance of eye movements and predicates
has been found to be that eye movement patterns and verbal
predicates are separate and distinct expressive behaviors
accessible to observation but not literally descriptive of internal
processes. Inferences were made regarding implications for
psychotherapy and communication, and for further research regarding
the processes of subjective and objective organization of
experience.
10. Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions.
Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the
eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal
of conclusions. Perceptual and Motor Skills; Feb Vol 58(1) 175-176,
1984.Abstract: Suggests that the findings of T. C.
Thomason et al (see PA, Vol 66:7496) interpreted as disproving the
eye- movement hypothesis are based on a misunderstanding of the
neurolinguistic programming model. Their findings of consistent
patterns tends to support the hypothesis that eye movements reflect
internal processes regardless of specific
stimuli.
11. Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients' perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy.
Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients'
perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy.
Dissertation Abstracts International 50(6),
1597.Abstract: This study explored the therapist's and
clients' perspectives of psychotherapy sessions in which mental
imagery interventions were used. The interventions dealt with
clients' perceptions, imaginations and memories. The imagery
interventions for this study emphasized techniques from
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) and Ericksonian
hypnosis.
12. Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal impact.
Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system
congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal
impact. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3517-B
Virginia Consortium for Professional Psychology,Old Dominion
University, 115 pp. Pub. = AAC8404350, 1983.Abstract: Bandler and Grinder (1975) have
contended that individuals express themselves consistently in a
language which is suggestive of a particular sensory modality
called a "primary representational system" (PRS) and that by
matching the PRS of another in one's own speech (i.e. "predicate
matching") the relationship is facilitated. The present study
investigated these assertions utilizing five trained counselors and
forty undergraduate students in introductory psychology. The
present study found little support for the stability of a person's
PRS across different topics through the impact of predicate
matching. Ss were met individuals and asked to speak
extemporaneously into a tape recorder for one minute on each of
three topics: a memorable vacation, an enjoyable meal, and a
troublesome problem. Following the recording, Ss were played four
cassettes (one for each PRS) prepared by the examiner to have the
same topical content described above and to have a distinctive and
highly saturated PRS. After each stimulus tape recording was
presented, Ss completed either a simple rating measure involving a
"like-dislike" dimension or they completed an Impact Message
Inventory (Kiesler et. al., 1975). No significant consistency
(Kendall Tau) was noted with regard to PRS material across topics.
T- statistical evaluation for paired observations failed to confirm
the experimental hypotheses that listeners would better "like"
taped material sharing their own PRS (i.e., "congruence") nor were
affiliation-related subscales of the IMI higher under conditions of
congruence or mistrust-related subscales higher under conditions of
incongruence. Results were discussed in light of other findings and
in terms of some methodological shortcomings of the present
investigation.
13. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic assumptions of NLP.
Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic
assumptions of NLP. Integrative Therapie, 13 (4), 397- 406,
1987.Abstract: Ausgehend von der Kritik, dass
Modellvorstellungen des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP)
nicht wissenschaftlich belegt und Postulate bislang nicht
operationalisiert worden sind, werden die zentralen Konstrukte des
Modells experimentell ueberprueft. Dazu wurden die Blicke von 40
rechtshaendigen und 9 linkshaendigen Versuchspersonen beim
Beantworten von Fragen gefilmt. Mit geschlossenen Fragen sollten
die postulierten Repraesentationssysteme aktiviert werden, was an
systematischen Augenbewegungen haette ablesbar sein muessen. Durch
offene Fragen wurde die Wahl einer bevorzugten Prozesswortkategorie
(visuell, auditiv, kinaesthetisch) den Versuchspersonen
ueberlassen; damit sollte das Vorhandensein primaerer
Repraesentationssysteme angezeigt werden. Die Auswertung konnte die
untersuchten theoretischen Konstrukte des NLP nicht belegen.
(Zeitschrift/Claudia Greve - ZPID)
14. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of theoretical constructs essential to NLP.
Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of
theoretical constructs essential to NLP. Zeitschrift fuer Klinische
Psychologie, 17 (1), 21- 30, 1988.Abstract: Investigates the validity of the theory
of representational systems used by Bandler and Grinder to explain
the efficacy of neurolinguistic programming (NLP). The eye
movements of 40 right-handed and 40 left-handed subjects were
videotaped while the subjects answered questions. Closed questions
directed at the activation of particular representational systems,
while open questions left the choice of preferred category of
process words (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) to the subjects and
should thus have revealed the presence of primary representational
systems. The results did not provide support for any of the
theoretical constructs of NLP under investigation. (Journal/Sally
Bellows - ZPID)
15. Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing basic assumptions of NLP.
Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing
basic assumptions of NLP. David Morgenroth,
1986.Abstract: Ziel der Diplomarbeit war es, die
zentralen Grundannahmen des NLP zu überprüfen. Dazu
wurden Blickbewegungen der Vpn gefilmt, während sie Fragen
beantworteten, die sich auf die verschiedenen
Sinnesmodalitäten bezogen. Die Fragen sollten bestimmtes
Blickverhalten induzieren.Das Filmmaterial wurde sowohl nach
Blickrichtung, als auch nach Aussagen der Vpn ausgewertet. Es fand
sich kein spezifisches Blickverhalten aufgrund der gestellten
Fragen. Keine Augenbewegungsmodellvorhersage konnte nachgewiesen
werden. es fanden sich weiterhin keine anderen als die im Modell
nahegelegten Blickbewegungssystematiken. Keine der Grundannahmen
konnte somit bestätigt werden.
16. Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the effects of metaphor on self- disclosure.
Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the
effects of metaphor on self- disclosure. Dissertation Abstracts
International 45(11), 3612, 1984.Abstract: This study was conducted in order to
access the efficacy of therapeutic suggestion in regard to client
behaviours. More specifically, it examined the effects of serial
metaphor on subject willingness to self- disclose to a male
counselor. Using a posttest-only control group design,
undergraduate male college students were randomly assigned to
either a treatment or control group. Treatment subjects listened to
a 12-minute audiotape, consisting of a three- minute orientation
lead-in and a nine-minute series of related metaphors. Metaphors
were designed to psychologically suggest permissions to be willing
to self-disclose to an appropriate target person, namely a male
counselor. Control subjects heard only the three-minute lead-in.
Subjects responded to a modified Jourard and Jaffee Questionnaire,
containing items of high and low intimacy level value. Analysis of
Variance and Covariance were performed. Although scores for the
willingness to disclose to high intimacy items were observed to
increase in the predicted direction, they did not differ from
chance occurrence. Unequivocal support for a treatment effect could
not be determined. Willingness to disclose was found to be
significantly related to past disclosures. Also, degree of
disclosures was significantly greater for low intimacy items.
Recommendations for future research were
presented.
17. Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options.
Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for
reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful
behavioral options. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(11),
4642-B California School of Professional Psychology, 161 pp. Order
= DA8626141, 1986.Abstract: This study tested an experimental
intervention utilizing techniques of Neuro- Linguistic Programming
(NLP) to help parents reduce their anger responses toward their
children. A new instrument, the Parental Provocation Inventory
(PPI), was developed to assess changes in parental anger responses.
The PPI is composed of 16 vignettes of parent-child situations
requiring a parental response, which were grouped into four scales
by a factor analysis. The scales were reliable by test-retest and
were orthagonal, as demonstrated in the pilot study. Another
instrument, the Parents' Report (PR), was used for comparison. The
Parent Training Procedure (PTP) is a highly structured intervention
which utilizes Anchoring, in which external stimuli ("anchors") are
associated with inner response strategies in order to stabilize,
transfer, and combine them. One technique used was the Collapse
Anchors procedure in which one anchor, associated with appropriate
inner resources or abilities, is "fired" simultaneously with
another anchor, associated with an inner representation of a
problem situation. The anchors are thus "collapsed" and the needed
resources or abilities are then available in the problem situation.
A Self- Anchoring procedure, in which subjects were taught to
"fire" their resource anchors in actual parent-child situations,
was also utilized. A detailed outline of the PTP was adhered to,
and Programmer's Checklists were used to record each step of the
intervention. The two instruments were administered before and
after the PTP. A control group was pre- and post-tested but
received no treatment. ANOVA's and Eta(2) coefficients yielded no
significance. However, a post-hoc analysis revealed that a strong
experimental effect was demonstrated on the PPI by four (half) of
the Experimental group subjects, dubbed the "High Change" subgroup
(the other four, the "Low Change" subgroup). The differences
between these subgroups could not be explained by differences at
pre-test, which were negligible, nor by the differential effect of
the two programmers. Analysis of the Programmer's Checklists
revealed that the subgroup differences were strongly related to the
differential success of the Self- Anchoring portion of the PTP,
somewhat less so to the differential success of the Collapse
Anchors portion. Recommendations for future research are
made.
18. Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction within NLP-based shorttime therapy with differential success - two single case studies.
Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction
within NLP- based shorttime therapy with differential success - two single case studies. University of Bielefeld, Department
of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis.,
1997.Abstract: Das Thema der Arbeit liegt im Bereich
der einzelfallorientierten Psychotherapie- Prozeßforschung.
Über eine systematische Verhaltensbeobachtung der kompletten
Interaktion in zwei unterschiedlich erfolgreichen NLP-
Kurzzeittherapien und einer anschließenden Interaktionsanalyse
wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich der unterschiedliche
Therapieerfolg mit unterschiedlichen Interaktionsmerkmalen
erklären läßt. Für diesen Vergleich werden zwei
Therapien ausgewählt, die sich hinsichtlich
grundsätzlicher Variablen gleichen (dieselbe Therapeutin,
dasselbe Behandlungsprogramm, beide Klientinnen haben eine
Tierphobie und gleichen sich in den soziodemographischen Daten).
Diese Fragestellung wird aus einer ausführlichen Darstellung
theoretischer , empirischer und methodischer Aspekte der
Psychotherapieforschung hergeleitet. Dabei liegt ein Schwerpunkt
auf allgemeinen systemtheoretischen Überlegungen, die im
Rahmen eines theoretischen Therapieprozeßmodells auf den
Bereich der Psychotherapieforschung übertragen werden. Als
zentrale Ergebnisse lassen sich festhalten: (1) In der erfolglosen
Therapie ist die verbale Aktivität der Klientin geringer. Dies
steht in einem zirkulären Bedingungszusammenhang mit den
häufigeren geschlossenen Informationsfragen der Therapeutin.
(2) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie zeigt die Klientin
häufiger 'positive' Mitarbeit. Dies steht in einem
Bedingungszusammenhang mit den häufigeren Unterstützungen
durch die Therapeutin. (3) Gesprächspausen werden von den
Klientinnen unterschiedlich genutzt. In der erfolglosen Therapie im
Sinne einer 'negativen' Mitarbeit, in der erfolgreicheren Therapie
im Sinne einer 'positiven' Mitarbeit. (4) In der erfolglosen
Therapie konzentriert sich die Klientin bei ihren
Problembeschreibungen stärker auf spezifische Probleme und
weniger auf sachliche Berichte. (5) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie
versucht die Therapeutin im stärkeren Maße sich
einzufühlen und sie gibt häufiger Interpretationen. (6)
Das als Beobachtungssystem verwendete 'Codiersystem zur Interaktion
in der Psychotherapie' von Schindler (1989) wird positiv beurteilt.
Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die meisten Hypothesen, welche zum
einen aus systemtheoretischen Überlegungen und zum anderen aus
den von Grawe (1995b) konzipierten vier zentralen Wirkprinzipien
und empirischen Befunden hergeleitet werden. Zusammenfassend wird
festgestellt, daß die beiden Therapien sich hinsichtlich
statischer und dynamischer Interaktionsmerkmale vielfältig
unterscheiden und diese Differenzen eine Möglichkeit bieten,
den unterschiedlichen Therapieerfolg ansatzweise zu
erklären.
19. Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction using a systematic desensitization technique.
Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory
modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction
using a systematic desensitization technique. Dissertation
Abstracts International 40(4), 1878-B Wayne State University, 128
pp., 1979.Abstract: This study investigated a hypothesis
that preferenc |