Allen, Keith L.: An investigation of the effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming procedures in treating snake phobics. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(3), 861- B University of Missouri at Kansas City, 76 pp. Pub. = AAC8216956, 1982.Abstract: New procedures of psychotherapy are presented periodically in an effort to find more effective and efficient therapy techniques. One recent procedure that is being presented in a variety of workshops around the country is Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), which has been praised as a great advancement for current therapy. NLP has been claimed to be able to "cure" a person of a phobia in a single brief therapy session. This study explored the effectiveness of NLP techniques in changing the behavior of snake phobics under controlled conditions. Thirty-six undergraduate students, identified as snake phobics by their responses on the Fear Survey Schedule II and Behavior Avoidance Test, took part in this experiment. They were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) waiting list control group; (b) NLP treatment group; and, (c) a single session of massed systematic desensitization (MSD) treatment group. All 36 subjects took the Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer as pretest and posttest. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by number of subjects were able to pick up a snake on the posttest, and by examining differences in scores from pretest to posttest on the Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer. One research question examined whether there would be differences among subjects in the three groups in their ability to approach a snake following the conditions of their group. Another research question explored whether there would be a difference in the level of fear expressed during completion of snake approach tasks by subjects in the three groups after treatment. Results of data analyses failed to support that a statistically significant difference existed between subjects who received no treatment and those who received NLP or MSD treatment. The conclusion was made that NLP and MSD had no effect on subjects' fear of snakes. While NLP treatment subjects neither completed more snake approach tasks nor reported less fear while performing those tasks, they did report more frequently that they thought they were over their fear of snakes. It was recommended that further research with larger populations and different phobias be conducted to determine if these results are reliable with different subjects, different therapists, and different phobias.

2. Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of NLP: mere suggestion or reality?

Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of NLP: mere suggestion or reality? Free University of Berlin, educational sciences (Department 12), Institut of Psychology, Master thesis., 1993.Abstract: Im Rahmen des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) ist von Bandler und Grinder (1979, 1981) behauptet worden, man könne bestimmte innere Prozesse an bestimmten Augenpositionen erkennen. Dies konnte trotz zahlreicher Bemühungen empirisch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Da das NLP einem programmatischen Ansatz zuzuordnen ist, soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit versucht weren, das sogenannte Augenbewegungsmodell auch auf seine Funktion hin zu untersuchen. In der ersten Untersuchung sollten jeweils 12 Vpn anhand kurzer, schriftlicher Anleitungen entweder das Augenbewegungsmodell oder ein Gedächtnismodell des NLP lernen und anwenden. Die erhobenen Veränderungen im Denk- and Kommunikationsverhalten waren zwar weitgehend unabhängig von den Fragebogenversionen, kovariierten jedoch stark mit dem Grad der Beschäftigung der Vpn mit dem Lernstoff. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten 25 Vpn beurteilen, für wie zutreffend sie Items, die den von NLP postulierten Kategorien innerer Prozesse entsprachen, für sechs verschiedene Fotos mit unterschiedlichen Augenpositionen hielten. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen zum größten Teil den NLP- Hypothesen.

3. Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational systems and interpersonal attraction.

Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational systems and interpersonal attraction. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(9), 3021-B United States International University, 192 pp. Pub. = AAC8301835, 1983.Abstract: This study was an empirical investigation of one aspect of the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model developed since 1975 by Bandler and Grinder. The relationship between matching Primary Representational Systems (PRSs) and interpersonal attraction was examined. This research was a necessary first step toward clinical application since, if language usage were found to enhance interpersonal attraction, training in PRS matching might provide a useful tool for psychotherapists. The 143 adult respondents represented a general cross- section of the United States population. They rated the attractiveness of three male and three female target presenters giving recorded monologue segments in language indicative of the three most common PRSs. A counter-balanced design employing a Latin square variation established the sequence of the segments. Attraction was measured via the second scale, Counselor Rating Form (Barak and LaCrosse, 1975). A null hypothesis was investigated, first through measuring the relationship between attraction and the respondent's primary, secondary, and least-used representational systems; then by measuring visual, auditory and kinesthetic PRS-oriented respondents' attraction toward target individuals presenting in the three PRSs. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance to discover the perceived attractiveness according to (1) PRS matching, (2) sex and (3) interaction of PRS matching and sex. The findings showed that PRS matching and sex made a difference in the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness (of the target individuals) only as follows: Targets of the opposite sex were experienced as significantly more attractive (p<.05) and the interaction of secondary representational system and opposite sex showed a significant relationship (p<.05) with the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness.

4. Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe, and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics (psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)).

Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe, and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics (psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)). Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3515-B University of Missouri at Kansas City, 115 pp. Pub. = AAC8404790, 1983.Abstract: The present study examined effects of reflection, probes, predicate matching, and casual conversation on perception of counselor warmth, threateningness, helpfulness, and quality of counseling relationship. Each of 128 subjects heard one of eight recordings of seven- minute counseling session segments. Subjects then completed a counselor evaluation inventory consisting of 35 statements, each to be rated on a seven-point scale. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (a) Counseling techniques would affect counselor-warmth ratings; (b) counseling technique would affect counselor-threat ratings; (c) counseling technique would affect counselor-helpfulness ratings; (d) counseling technique would affect ratings on two versions of the Counselor Relationship Inventory; (e) four items in the Counselor Relationship Inventory would be answered differentially depending on counseling technique; and, (f) counseling technique would have a differential effect on the total score on the original Counselor Relationship Inventory II, indicating instrument bias. Effects of counseling technique on the dependent variable scales were tested using seven one-way analyses of variance with Scheffe multiple ranges tests. Counseling technique was found to differentially affect perception of warmth, threat, helpfulness, and both relationship scales. Predicate- matching received higher warmth ratings than reflection or non- counseling, and was rated less threatening than reflections and probes. Predicate-matching was also rated most helpful of the four techniques. Non-counseling conversation was rated least helpful. Predicate-matching also received higher ratings on the relationship scales than reflections or probes. Comparison of scores on a four- item subscale of the Counselor Relationship Inventory with scores on four items designed to eliminate pro-reflection bias indicated that the original items were answered more favorably for reflective counselors than for predicate- matchers. However, total score on the Counselor Relationship Inventory was not significantly affected. It was concluded that item-bias was not of sufficient magnitude to effect instrument-bias. Correlation coefficients indicated that the short scales for warmth, threat, and helpfulness were internally consistent. However, two items in the original Counselor Relationship Inventory were found to be non- significantly correlated with total inventory score.

5. Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta-model and general systems in early psychotherapy.

Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta- model and general systems in early psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(9), 2887-B 2888-B Texas A & M University, 88 pp. Pub. = DA8329895, 1983.Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to assess the differential effects of initial counseling sessions that used basic components of the NLP meta-model as compared to initial sessions which used interventions central to the general systems approach. Subjects consisted of 44 undergraduate students who were randomly selected from a pool of volunteers who had previously expressed an interest in participating in counseling research. The subjects were randomly assigned to a session in which interventions from the meta-model were employed or to a session in which techniques from the general systems approach were used. A posttest-only control group design was employed and the resultant data subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. No differences were found between the meta- model and the general systems group. Each experimental cell was evaluated from three vantage points: from the perspective of the counselee; the counselor; and external raters. The dependent measures were the Counseling Evaluation Inventory (CEI), the Counselor Rating Form (CRF), the Depth of Self- Exploration Scale (DS-ES), and a shortened form of the CEI. Both approaches received favorable scores from the three vectors of evaluation. However, the results failed to provide evidence that there are measurable differences between counseling sessions which use interventions from the NLP meta-model and counseling sessions which employ verbal interactions from the general systems approach. These findings suggest that the interventions from the NLP meta-model are neither better nor worse than those techniques currently presented in psychological training programs. Thus, further research is encouraged to understand the appropriate use of the NLP meta-model in counseling and psychotherapy.

6. Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on headache pain.

Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on headache pain. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(7), 2233-B University of Montana, 110 pp. Pub. = DA8326959, 1983.Abstract: This study compared the effects of reframing, a neurolinguistic programming technique, and relaxation therapy on headache pain. Through advertising, 32 subjects were recruited who suffered from a variety of nontraumatic headaches. They were randomly assigned to four experimental cells formed by the interaction of the two treatments and two therapists. Following four weeks of baseline headache monitoring, the subjects received three weeks of treatment and then continued to record headache data for a four week follow-up period. The results showed significant pre-post gains for both therapies but there were no differences between the treatments. However, there were significant differences in therapist's effectiveness. The literature of psychotherapeutic approaches to headache control is selectively reviewed and reframing is analyzed and compared to similar extant treatments. The results are discussed and a limited recommendation is offered for further research.

7. Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement hypothesis.

Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement hypothesis. Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis; Mar Vol 12(1) 1-23, 1991.Abstract: Conducted 2 studies with 62 female undergraduates to investigate neurolinguistic programming's eye- movement hypothesis. These studies incorporated distinctions between remembered and constructed sensory specific experiences. Results failed to support the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis although post-hoc tests located some distinctive eye- movement trends. There was a tendency for the auditory remembered questions to be associated with a greater number of predicted eye movements than expected by chance. Visually remembered and auditory constructed questions tended to be positively associated with predicted eye- movements both within and across eye- movement instances. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

8. Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts of NLP (Part 1).

Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts of NLP (Part 1). University of Tübingen, unpublished Master thesis., 1983.Abstract: Untersucht wurde die Fragestellung, inwieweit das Angleichen der verwendeten Klienten- Prädikate durch den Therapeuten, ein Gütekriterium für die Gesprächsqualität sein kann. (Die Untersuchung war eine Teiluntersuchung eines größeren Projektes.) 26 Teilnehmer an einem Trainigskurs für psychologische Beratung nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. Es gab zwei Beratungsgespräche. Im ersten Beratungsgespräch kannte der Therapeut die Methode des matchings noch nicht, im zweiten war er bereits eingeführt worden. Die verwendeten Prädikate der Klienten innerhalb der ersten 4 Gesprächsminuten und die verwendeten Prädikate des Therapeuten in der 8-12 Minute wurden von drei Ratern kategorisiert (V,A,K). Die Sitzungen wurden Videotechnisch aufgenommen. Unspezifische Prädikate wurden nicht berücksichtigt. Vor der Datenauswertung wurde die Interraterreliabilitäten ermittelt. Sie lagen bei r=.02 und r=.06. Diese waren dem Autor zu gering und die Untersuchung wurde aus der Gesamtuntersuchung ausgesondert. Festgestellt wurde dennoch, daß bei allen Ratings die kinästhetische Kategorie überwiegte. Kritik: Aufgrund des nicht ganz einsichtlichen Abbruchkriteriums wurden die Daten nicht erschöpfend ausgewertet und tragen daher für die NLP Forschung keinen Gewinn bei.

9. Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for the representation of consciousness.

Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for the representation of consciousness. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(9), 3565-B 2566-B The Fielding Institute, 126 pp. Order = 8106799, 1980.Abstract: This dissertation tests the Bandler and Grinder model for the representation of consciousness. The problem examined is a psychological and phenomenological one which confronts the issue of whether there is a meaningful association of objective and subjective descriptions of experience. The Bandler and Grinder postulate claims that by observing eye movements and verbal predicates, psychotherapists and communicators can identify how a person is organizing his ongoing conscious experience. The experiment offers a video tape procedure exposing 40 college students to a test of 24 stimulus items. The items are based on the assumptions of Bandler and Grinder that people organize their experience in visual, kinesthetic and auditory categories and that they have a "most highly valued system" for organizing experience. The stimulus items were constructed so that six objects were held constant as the stimulus experience was varied. In addition, after an interviewer presented the items to the subjects, a standard probe question was asked. This yielded a total of N = 960 observations per stimulus. The experiment was videotaped in order to record the eye movements and predicate responses of the subjects. The design tested whether a significant number of observations corresponded to the predicate stimulus for the combination of eye movements and verbal predicates. Hypotheses were made for each variable, visual, kinesthetic, and auditory, as well as for the prediction of a "most highly valued system". Responses in categories predicted by the model to the stimulus modes served to substantiate or not substantiate the model. Hypotheses for the combined predictions of eye movements and verbal predicates were not substantiated. The findings show that the predominant eye movements were in an upward direction regardless of a shift in the stimulus. However, the predicate portion of the hypotheses was substantiated, confounding the results. A conclusion substantiating the model's postulate of a "most highly valued system" was not supported. The evidence presented suggests that the organization of ongoing conscious experience cannot be identified solely in terms of visual, kinesthetic, and auditory representations. A different interpretation of the significance of eye movements and predicates has been found to be that eye movement patterns and verbal predicates are separate and distinct expressive behaviors accessible to observation but not literally descriptive of internal processes. Inferences were made regarding implications for psychotherapy and communication, and for further research regarding the processes of subjective and objective organization of experience.

10. Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions.

Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions. Perceptual and Motor Skills; Feb Vol 58(1) 175-176, 1984.Abstract: Suggests that the findings of T. C. Thomason et al (see PA, Vol 66:7496) interpreted as disproving the eye- movement hypothesis are based on a misunderstanding of the neurolinguistic programming model. Their findings of consistent patterns tends to support the hypothesis that eye movements reflect internal processes regardless of specific stimuli.

11. Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients' perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy.

Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients' perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 50(6), 1597.Abstract: This study explored the therapist's and clients' perspectives of psychotherapy sessions in which mental imagery interventions were used. The interventions dealt with clients' perceptions, imaginations and memories. The imagery interventions for this study emphasized techniques from Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) and Ericksonian hypnosis.

12. Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal impact.

Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal impact. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3517-B Virginia Consortium for Professional Psychology,Old Dominion University, 115 pp. Pub. = AAC8404350, 1983.Abstract: Bandler and Grinder (1975) have contended that individuals express themselves consistently in a language which is suggestive of a particular sensory modality called a "primary representational system" (PRS) and that by matching the PRS of another in one's own speech (i.e. "predicate matching") the relationship is facilitated. The present study investigated these assertions utilizing five trained counselors and forty undergraduate students in introductory psychology. The present study found little support for the stability of a person's PRS across different topics through the impact of predicate matching. Ss were met individuals and asked to speak extemporaneously into a tape recorder for one minute on each of three topics: a memorable vacation, an enjoyable meal, and a troublesome problem. Following the recording, Ss were played four cassettes (one for each PRS) prepared by the examiner to have the same topical content described above and to have a distinctive and highly saturated PRS. After each stimulus tape recording was presented, Ss completed either a simple rating measure involving a "like-dislike" dimension or they completed an Impact Message Inventory (Kiesler et. al., 1975). No significant consistency (Kendall Tau) was noted with regard to PRS material across topics. T- statistical evaluation for paired observations failed to confirm the experimental hypotheses that listeners would better "like" taped material sharing their own PRS (i.e., "congruence") nor were affiliation-related subscales of the IMI higher under conditions of congruence or mistrust-related subscales higher under conditions of incongruence. Results were discussed in light of other findings and in terms of some methodological shortcomings of the present investigation.

13. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic assumptions of NLP.

Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic assumptions of NLP. Integrative Therapie, 13 (4), 397- 406, 1987.Abstract: Ausgehend von der Kritik, dass Modellvorstellungen des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) nicht wissenschaftlich belegt und Postulate bislang nicht operationalisiert worden sind, werden die zentralen Konstrukte des Modells experimentell ueberprueft. Dazu wurden die Blicke von 40 rechtshaendigen und 9 linkshaendigen Versuchspersonen beim Beantworten von Fragen gefilmt. Mit geschlossenen Fragen sollten die postulierten Repraesentationssysteme aktiviert werden, was an systematischen Augenbewegungen haette ablesbar sein muessen. Durch offene Fragen wurde die Wahl einer bevorzugten Prozesswortkategorie (visuell, auditiv, kinaesthetisch) den Versuchspersonen ueberlassen; damit sollte das Vorhandensein primaerer Repraesentationssysteme angezeigt werden. Die Auswertung konnte die untersuchten theoretischen Konstrukte des NLP nicht belegen. (Zeitschrift/Claudia Greve - ZPID)

14. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of theoretical constructs essential to NLP.

Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of theoretical constructs essential to NLP. Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Psychologie, 17 (1), 21- 30, 1988.Abstract: Investigates the validity of the theory of representational systems used by Bandler and Grinder to explain the efficacy of neurolinguistic programming (NLP). The eye movements of 40 right-handed and 40 left-handed subjects were videotaped while the subjects answered questions. Closed questions directed at the activation of particular representational systems, while open questions left the choice of preferred category of process words (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) to the subjects and should thus have revealed the presence of primary representational systems. The results did not provide support for any of the theoretical constructs of NLP under investigation. (Journal/Sally Bellows - ZPID)

15. Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing basic assumptions of NLP.

Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing basic assumptions of NLP. David Morgenroth, 1986.Abstract: Ziel der Diplomarbeit war es, die zentralen Grundannahmen des NLP zu überprüfen. Dazu wurden Blickbewegungen der Vpn gefilmt, während sie Fragen beantworteten, die sich auf die verschiedenen Sinnesmodalitäten bezogen. Die Fragen sollten bestimmtes Blickverhalten induzieren.Das Filmmaterial wurde sowohl nach Blickrichtung, als auch nach Aussagen der Vpn ausgewertet. Es fand sich kein spezifisches Blickverhalten aufgrund der gestellten Fragen. Keine Augenbewegungsmodellvorhersage konnte nachgewiesen werden. es fanden sich weiterhin keine anderen als die im Modell nahegelegten Blickbewegungssystematiken. Keine der Grundannahmen konnte somit bestätigt werden.

16. Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the effects of metaphor on self- disclosure.

Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the effects of metaphor on self- disclosure. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(11), 3612, 1984.Abstract: This study was conducted in order to access the efficacy of therapeutic suggestion in regard to client behaviours. More specifically, it examined the effects of serial metaphor on subject willingness to self- disclose to a male counselor. Using a posttest-only control group design, undergraduate male college students were randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. Treatment subjects listened to a 12-minute audiotape, consisting of a three- minute orientation lead-in and a nine-minute series of related metaphors. Metaphors were designed to psychologically suggest permissions to be willing to self-disclose to an appropriate target person, namely a male counselor. Control subjects heard only the three-minute lead-in. Subjects responded to a modified Jourard and Jaffee Questionnaire, containing items of high and low intimacy level value. Analysis of Variance and Covariance were performed. Although scores for the willingness to disclose to high intimacy items were observed to increase in the predicted direction, they did not differ from chance occurrence. Unequivocal support for a treatment effect could not be determined. Willingness to disclose was found to be significantly related to past disclosures. Also, degree of disclosures was significantly greater for low intimacy items. Recommendations for future research were presented.

17. Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options.

Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(11), 4642-B California School of Professional Psychology, 161 pp. Order = DA8626141, 1986.Abstract: This study tested an experimental intervention utilizing techniques of Neuro- Linguistic Programming (NLP) to help parents reduce their anger responses toward their children. A new instrument, the Parental Provocation Inventory (PPI), was developed to assess changes in parental anger responses. The PPI is composed of 16 vignettes of parent-child situations requiring a parental response, which were grouped into four scales by a factor analysis. The scales were reliable by test-retest and were orthagonal, as demonstrated in the pilot study. Another instrument, the Parents' Report (PR), was used for comparison. The Parent Training Procedure (PTP) is a highly structured intervention which utilizes Anchoring, in which external stimuli ("anchors") are associated with inner response strategies in order to stabilize, transfer, and combine them. One technique used was the Collapse Anchors procedure in which one anchor, associated with appropriate inner resources or abilities, is "fired" simultaneously with another anchor, associated with an inner representation of a problem situation. The anchors are thus "collapsed" and the needed resources or abilities are then available in the problem situation. A Self- Anchoring procedure, in which subjects were taught to "fire" their resource anchors in actual parent-child situations, was also utilized. A detailed outline of the PTP was adhered to, and Programmer's Checklists were used to record each step of the intervention. The two instruments were administered before and after the PTP. A control group was pre- and post-tested but received no treatment. ANOVA's and Eta(2) coefficients yielded no significance. However, a post-hoc analysis revealed that a strong experimental effect was demonstrated on the PPI by four (half) of the Experimental group subjects, dubbed the "High Change" subgroup (the other four, the "Low Change" subgroup). The differences between these subgroups could not be explained by differences at pre-test, which were negligible, nor by the differential effect of the two programmers. Analysis of the Programmer's Checklists revealed that the subgroup differences were strongly related to the differential success of the Self- Anchoring portion of the PTP, somewhat less so to the differential success of the Collapse Anchors portion. Recommendations for future research are made.

18. Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction within NLP-based shorttime therapy with differential success - two single case studies.

Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction within NLP- based shorttime therapy with differential success - two single case studies. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis., 1997.Abstract: Das Thema der Arbeit liegt im Bereich der einzelfallorientierten Psychotherapie- Prozeßforschung. Über eine systematische Verhaltensbeobachtung der kompletten Interaktion in zwei unterschiedlich erfolgreichen NLP- Kurzzeittherapien und einer anschließenden Interaktionsanalyse wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich der unterschiedliche Therapieerfolg mit unterschiedlichen Interaktionsmerkmalen erklären läßt. Für diesen Vergleich werden zwei Therapien ausgewählt, die sich hinsichtlich grundsätzlicher Variablen gleichen (dieselbe Therapeutin, dasselbe Behandlungsprogramm, beide Klientinnen haben eine Tierphobie und gleichen sich in den soziodemographischen Daten). Diese Fragestellung wird aus einer ausführlichen Darstellung theoretischer , empirischer und methodischer Aspekte der Psychotherapieforschung hergeleitet. Dabei liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf allgemeinen systemtheoretischen Überlegungen, die im Rahmen eines theoretischen Therapieprozeßmodells auf den Bereich der Psychotherapieforschung übertragen werden. Als zentrale Ergebnisse lassen sich festhalten: (1) In der erfolglosen Therapie ist die verbale Aktivität der Klientin geringer. Dies steht in einem zirkulären Bedingungszusammenhang mit den häufigeren geschlossenen Informationsfragen der Therapeutin. (2) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie zeigt die Klientin häufiger 'positive' Mitarbeit. Dies steht in einem Bedingungszusammenhang mit den häufigeren Unterstützungen durch die Therapeutin. (3) Gesprächspausen werden von den Klientinnen unterschiedlich genutzt. In der erfolglosen Therapie im Sinne einer 'negativen' Mitarbeit, in der erfolgreicheren Therapie im Sinne einer 'positiven' Mitarbeit. (4) In der erfolglosen Therapie konzentriert sich die Klientin bei ihren Problembeschreibungen stärker auf spezifische Probleme und weniger auf sachliche Berichte. (5) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie versucht die Therapeutin im stärkeren Maße sich einzufühlen und sie gibt häufiger Interpretationen. (6) Das als Beobachtungssystem verwendete 'Codiersystem zur Interaktion in der Psychotherapie' von Schindler (1989) wird positiv beurteilt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die meisten Hypothesen, welche zum einen aus systemtheoretischen Überlegungen und zum anderen aus den von Grawe (1995b) konzipierten vier zentralen Wirkprinzipien und empirischen Befunden hergeleitet werden. Zusammenfassend wird festgestellt, daß die beiden Therapien sich hinsichtlich statischer und dynamischer Interaktionsmerkmale vielfältig unterscheiden und diese Differenzen eine Möglichkeit bieten, den unterschiedlichen Therapieerfolg ansatzweise zu erklären.

19. Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction using a systematic desensitization technique.

Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction using a systematic desensitization technique. Dissertation Abstracts International 40(4), 1878-B Wayne State University, 128 pp., 1979.Abstract: This study investigated a hypothesis that preference for sensory modality of imagery, also referred to as "system representation", is an important dimension of adequate communication between a therapist and the client, one which would be expected to influence the outcome of therapeutic procedures. The subjects for this experiment were 40 Emergency Service Operators, civilian employees of the Detroit Police Department. These operators were believed to experience high levels of stress due to the nature of their occupation, responding to telephone requests for emergency police, fire, and ambulance assistance. The subjects were 38 females and 4 males, ranging in age from 21 to 64, with one to four years of experience as an Emergency Service Operator. All had at least a high school education. Subjects were administered two measures developed for this study: the Auditory- Visual Imagery Inventory and the Emergency Service Operator Stress Scale; a standardized measure of psychiatric symptomatology, the System Check List-90; and a standardized measure of job satisfaction, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Subjects were divided into those who preferred visual imagery and those who preferred auditory imagery. Experimental subjects were assigned to one of four groups, reflecting a combination of subject preference for imagery and type of treatment: auditory preference - visual imagery; auditory preference - auditory imagery; visual preference -auditory imagery; and visual preference -visual imagery. There was also an untreated control group. All 32 treated subjects received one relaxation training and four systematic desensitization sessions, worded either to emphasize auditory or visual imagery. All measures were then readministered. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that subjects treated by a method worded to be congruent with their preferred system of representation would show greater treatment effects than subjects treated by a method worded to be incongruent. This was interpreted as casting doubt on the suggestion that a client's system of representation is an important dimension in communication between therapist and client. The systematic desensitization technique had some positive effects on reducing job related stress. There was an interesting finding that those subjects who preferred auditory imagery reported fewer and less severe symptoms. This was interpreted as suggesting that preference for imagery may be a factor in adjusting to occupational demands. Further research on this possibility is indicated.

20. Brinker, Heike: Curing overweight with NLP: an empirical study of the Easy Weight Program.

Brinker, Heike: Curing overweight with NLP: an empirical study of the Easy Weight Program. Heike Brinker, Curslacker Deich 25, 21039 Hamburg, 1995.Abstract: Das Easy weight Programm wird in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt und anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung bewertet. Die Durchführung des Easy Weight Programms bewirkte in erster Linie eine Veränderung des Ernährungsverhaltens. Die Störbarkeit des Eßverhaltens und der kognitiven Kontrolle wurde deutlich verringert. Das Easy weight Programm übte ebenfalls einen positiven Einfluß auf auf andere Lebensbereiche aus. Die Übergewichtigen wurden von gesellschaftlichen (Schlankheitsideal) Normen unabhängiger und fanden somit zu einer positiveren Selbsteinstellung auch im Bezug auf ihr Körpergewicht. Dazu gehörte auch, daß die positive Absicht, die hinter dem Eßverhalten und damit dem Übergewicht steht zu erkennen und zu akzeptieren. Die Frage nach einer langfristigen Gewichtsreduktion konnte noch nicht beantwortet werden, da den Teilnehmerinnen ein Wiegeverbot auferlegt wurde. Dennoch waren initiale Gewichtsreduktionen auffällig. Die langfristige Gewichtsreduktion dieser Therapieform stellt sich nach Besser- Siegmund erst nach ca. 6-12 Monaten ein. Eine Follow up Untersuchung wäre angebracht, oder Vergleichsuntersuchungen von bereits längerfristig absolvierten Easy Weight TeilnehmerInnen.

21. Brockman, William P.: Empathy revisited: the effects of representational system matching on certain counseling process and outcome variables.

Brockman, William P.: Empathy revisited: the effects of representational system matching on certain counseling process and outcome variables. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(8), 3421-A College of William and Mary, 167 pp. Order = 8103591, 1980.Abstract: Therapist- offered empathy has been shown to be an important ingredient in the counseling relationship. Many operational definitions of empathy and tools for measurement of this elusive quality exist. Most empathy measures have been criticized on methodological grounds and their construct validity is suspect. Yet there is little argument with the trend which emerges from the data; the overall relationship between empathy, or those dimensions tapped by empathy measures and effective therapy appears positive. The nature of empathy, however, remains enigmatic and it is evident that all the variables which account for the empathetic process have not been explicated. This study defined and investigated the validity and effect on counseling of a new dimension of empathy. From their linguistic analysis of effective therapy, Bandler and Grinder have formulated the construct of representational systems or internal maps used by individuals to organize reality. Such maps are visual, auditory or kinesthetic, and are reflected in natural language. Do you see what I mean? Empathy, then, is operationally defined as the counselor's matching language with the representational system used by the client. It was hypothesized that counselors who use representational system matching would: (1) be perceived by subjects as more empathetic than counselors who do not (accepted, p<.0045); (2) be perceived by judges as more empathetic than counselors who do not (accepted, p<.0165); (3) elicit a greater willingness to self- disclose than counselors who do not (rejected); and, (4) be preferred by clients over counselors who do not use representational matching (accepted, p<.05). Subjects (N=20) were undergraduates at The College of William and Mary who met with each of two counselors, in counterbalanced order, for an analogue of a beginning counseling interview. One counselor used representational system matching; the other counselor took a more generic, human relations approach to empathy. After each interview subjects completed Barrett-Lennard's Relationship Inventory (RI) and Jourard's Willingness-to- Disclose Questionnaire (WDQ). Following their second interview subjects indicated their preferred counselor. Covariates were: (1) Carkhuff's Empathetic Understanding Scale (EU) which also served as a dependent measure; (2) the Counseling Readiness Scale (CRS) of Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List; and, (3) Rotter's I-E scale. The Latin square design produced data analyzed by: repeated measures analysis of covariance (hypotheses 1-3); stepwise regression (hypotheses 1 & 2), and Chi Square (hypothesis 4). Results indicate that both subjects and judges perceived the representational system matching counselor as more empathetic than the generic empathy counselor. While EU accounted for 11.76% of the variance on RI- empathy scale scores, representational system matching accounted for 11.94% of the variance beyond that accounted for by EU. Clients preferred the representational system matching counselor by a ratio of 3 to 1. It was concluded that representational system matching is an important dimension of empathy and the recommendation was made that beginning courses in counseling techniques and human relations training include a section on identifying and responding to clients' representational systems. Recommendations were made for further study.

22. Buckner, Michael; Mera, Naomi M.: Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought.

Buckner, Michael; Mera, Naomi M.: Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(3), p. 283-287, 1987.Abstract: This study investigated a claim of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) eye movement model, which states that specific eye movements are indicative of specific sensory components in thought. Forty-eight graduates and undergraduates were asked to concentrate on a single thought while their eye movements are videotaped. They were subsequently asked to report if their thought contained visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components. Two NLP- trained observers independently viewed silent videotapes of participants concentrating and recorded the presence or absence of eye movements posited by NLP theorists to indicate visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components in thought. Coefficients of agreement (Cohen's K) between participants' self-reports and trained observers' records indicate support for the visual (K=.81, p<.001) and auditory (K=.65, p<.001) portions of the model. The kinesthetic (K=.15, p<.85) portion was not supported. Interrater agreement (K=.82) supports the NLP claim the specific eye movement patterns exist and that trained observers can reliably identify them.

23. Buhr, Kai-Olaf: An experiment testing the eye movement hypothesis of NLP by presenting visual stimuli and measuring reaction times.

Buhr, Kai-Olaf: An experiment testing the eye movement hypothesis of NLP by presenting visual stimuli and measuring reaction times. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis., 1997.Abstract: This study investigated a claim of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) eye movement model, which states that specific eye movements are indicative of specific sensory components in thought. Forty-eight graduates and undergraduates were asked to concentrate on a single thought while their eye movements are videotaped. They were subsequently asked to report if their thought contained visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components. Two NLP- trained observers independently viewed silent videotapes of participants concentrating and recorded the presence or absence of eye movements posited by NLP theorists to indicate visual, auditory, or kinesthetic components in thought. Coefficients of agreement (Cohen's K) between participants' self-reports and trained observers' records indicate support for the visual (K=.81, p<.001) and auditory (K=.65, p<.001) portions of the model. The kinesthetic (K=.15, p<.85) portion was not supported. Interrater agreement (K=.82) supports the NLP claim the specific eye movement patterns exist and that trained observers can reliably identify them.

24. Burcz, Bernice Angeline: Neurolinguistic Programming and Star Trek: a training model and metaphor for building trust and relationship in multicultural teams.

Burcz, Bernice Angeline: Neurolinguistic Programming and Star Trek: a training model and metaphor for building trust and relationship in multicultural teams. Personal Communication.Abstract: This study investigated the effects of a two-day training in basic Neuro-Linguistic Programming skills upon the trust levels of two groups of heterogeneous or multi- cultural teams and one homogeneous or all- American team. A total of thirty adult, white- collar, workers participated. Various situations from the Star Trek movies or serials were integrated into the training as metaphors. Two forms of measurement for trust were used. First, the TORI Diagnosis Scale for Self and Team was administered pre-and post-training. Four trust criterion variables were derived from this scale. Second, within the training a storytelling exercise was utilized. Participants were given an option either to tell a personal story of a "stuck" situation in which a successful outcome was achieved or, to tell a story based on any Star Trek situation. Those participants who chose a personal story were deemed to be self- disclosing and therefore trusting. Demographic data for each participant was also gathered by means of a Culture Survey which was designed by the researcher. This survey served several purposes. It recorded the country of birth for each participant and qualified the culture mix of a team. Secondly, it provided a record of leadership skills training. Thirdly, the survey recorded each participant's preference for having the needs of the team take precedence over the individual. The first hypothesis proposed that given the same NLP training intervention, there would be a significant difference in the change in trust levels of all three groups for all four trust criterion variables. The second hypothesis proposed that a high degree of cultural mix within a group would produce a significantly higher change in trust level. The third hypothesis proposed that different attitudes toward team vs. individual preference would produce significant differences in the change in trust level. None of the above three hypotheses were upheld. A fourth hypothesis argued that there would be a significant difference in trust level change between those who disclosed a personal story and those who did not. The results showed no significant difference between subjects that disclosed and those that did not. The degree of leadership sophistication also had no significance in determining whether a participant would disclose or not. However, the results supported the argument that individuals who came to the NLP training with a high degree of past leadership training had NO room to grow. Those with a higher leadership skills level changed less; those subjects also demonstrated that they knew how to take the TORI test and found it easy to disclose. The results also showed that it is possible to predict from the TORI pre- score whether or not a subject will disclose. A comparison of the behaviors of the three groups could have impact upon the findings were included. The comparison was based on the researcher's observations during the training and, on the evaluation of demographic data gathered from the culture survey. Suggestions for further research are also discussed.

25. Carbonell, David A.: Representational systems: an empirical approach to Neurolinguistic Programming.

Carbonell, David A.: Representational systems: an empirical approach to Neurolinguistic Programming. Dissertation Abstracts International 46(8), 2798-B DePaul University, 144 pp. Pub. = AAC8523962, 1985.Abstract: This study tested the efficacy of a Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) technique which is intended to enhance rapport in interviewing and counseling relationships. NLP Theory states that right- handed people have an innate preference for processing and storing information in one of three sensory modes: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic, and that a subject's preferred mode, or Preferred Representational System (PRS), can be identified by monitoring and decoding the subject's eye movements during an interview. Rapport is predicted to be enhanced when an interviewer employs perceptual predicates which match the subject's PRS. Previous tests of this theory have yielded mixed results. This appears attributable to the serious methodological shortcomings of these studies and a certain lack of precision in NLP theory. This study was conducted in an effort to obtain results untainted by prior methodological shortcomings. Numerous improvements over previous experiments were incorporated into the design; chief among these were the use of videotaped interviews and trained raters to improve the accuracy of PRS identification, and the removal of the interviewer from the subject's view. The experiment was conducted in two sessions. Right- handed undergraduate volunteers participated in an initial interview during which their eye movements were videotaped and subsequently rated by independent raters to establish a PRS. Subjects then participated in a second, fully scripted interview with one of two female graduate students, during which the interviewer either matched or mismatched her perceptual predicates with the subject's PRS. Subjects then rated the interviewer on the Traux-Carkhoff empathy scale and the three subscales of the Counselor Rating Form. Hypotheses were established which predicted that subjects in the matched condition would rate the interviewers more favorably on the dependent measures than would subjects in the mismatched condition. Hypotheses were also established which predicted the consistency of eye movements with NLP predictions. The results indicated an absence of support for any of the seven hypotheses. Future research may more profitably be conducted as therapy outcome research to determine if other aspects of the NLP model, as presently applied, do achieve the desired results through other means.

26. Cheney, S.; Miller, L.; Rees, R.: Imagery and eye movements.

Cheney, S.; Miller, L.; Rees, R.: Imagery and eye movements. Journal of Mental Imagery, 6, 113-124, 1982.Abstract: Eye movement direction is indicative of sensory modality of imagery. In a test of this model, subjects were asked questions designed to evoke imagery in six sensory modalities. Subject reports were obtained concerning the modality, sequence, and vividness of images. Subjects did report images in the modes intended by the questions, but there was no evidence to support the proposed relationship between the reported imagery and eye movements. The methods of measurement for both imagery and eye movements were discussed and suggestions were made for follow- up studies which might more closely approximate the conditions in which Bandler and Grinder made their observations of imagery and eye movement.

27. Cody, Steven G.: The stability and impact of the primary representational system in Neurolinguistic Programming: a critical examination.

Cody, Steven G.: The stability and impact of the primary representational system in Neurolinguistic Programming: a critical examination. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(4) 1232-B University of Connecticut, 158 pp. Pub. = AAC8319187, 1983.Abstract: In this investigation, 61 female and 44 male college student subjects participated in three experiments evaluating a central construct in neurolinguistic programming (NLP), that of the primary representational system. Authors Bandler and Grinder (1976) postulate that experience is encoded for storage and retrieval via hypothetical cognitive mechanisms called representational systems, and that individuals manifest a preference for one of three sensory- analogue systems (visual, auditory, or kinesthetic); this preferred system is the primary representational system. The first experiment dealt with the proposition that representational preferences can be reliably determined. Based on Bandler and Grinder's assertion that eye movements in particular directions, while subjects are generating responses to questions, reflect the use of particular systems, a structured interview was developed and used to assess the preference of subjects on two occasions (separated by a one-week interval, to permit assessment of temporal stability). Although several approaches to interpreting the data were employed to deal with areas of ambiguity in the construct, results consistently indicated confounding of observed preferences with method of measurement. In addition, very few subjects exhibited more than marginal preferences, no more than a modest degree of temporal stability was found, and discriminant validity was lacking. The second experiment evaluated the proposition that experience congruent with representational preference would have special salience or impact. Subjects evaluated audiotaped vignettes in which commonplace pleasant experiences were presented in visually- oriented, aurally- oriented, and kinesthetically-oriented versions. Over three stimulus experiences and five rating dimensions, no relationship was found between representational preferences and subjects' preferences among versions. The final experiment evaluated the hypothesis that clients' perceptions of therapists as trustworthy and effective are enhanced when therapist language matches clients' representational preferences, with respect to sensory referents. Subjects evaluated therapists heard in what were presented as excerpts from actual sessions, but were in fact staged interactions varying with respect to linguistic matching between therapist and client as well as matching between therapist language and subjects' representational preferences. In contrast to the predicted outcome, therapists who matched clients' language were evaluated as less trustworthy and effective, as were, independently, therapists whose language matched the primary representational system of the evaluating subject. The results illustrate the problems posed for psychotherapy when models proliferate in the absence of empirical evaluation.

28. Coe, William C.; Scharcoff, Joseph A.: An empirical evaluation of the neurolinguistic programming model.

Coe, William C.; Scharcoff, Joseph A.: An empirical evaluation of the neurolinguistic programming model. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis; Oct Vol 33(4) 310- 318, 1985.Abstract: Tested the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis that most people have a primary representational system for dealing with the world. 50 undergraduates were evaluated for sensory modality preferences in 3 ways: (1) They chose among written descriptions using wither visual, auditory, or kinesthetic wording; (2) their eye movements were recorded during an interview; and (3) their verbal responses were scored for sensory predicates. Results did not support neurolinguistic programming theory in that preferences of one modality on one measure did not relate to the same modality on the other measures as would be expected if primary representational systems were characteristic of the sample. It is concluded that, on the basis of both the results of the present study and mixed results obtained in other studies, more empirical support is needed before the positive therapeutic claims of neurolinguistic programming proponents can be accepted.

29. Cole-Hitchcock, Sabra Tony: A determination of the extent to which a predominant representational system can be identified through written and verbal communication and eye scanning patterns.

Cole-Hitchcock, Sabra Tony: A determination of the extent to which a predominant representational system can be identified through written and verbal communication and eye scanning patterns. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(5), B Baylor University, 1980, 134 pp..Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if a predominant representational system, as hypothesized by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, could be identified through written, verbal, and eye scanning patterns as the instruments of measurement. A second purpose was to determine if the results obtained through the three measures were consistent. Thirty-three undergraduate students from educational psychology classes at Baylor University were voluntary participants in this experimental study. All participants were right-handed. One hundred and fifty students took the multiple choice screening test. The thirty-three who were selected as participants for the study had responded predominantly in one or two of the three representational systems: visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. Each participant was assigned to a representational system category which corresponded to his dominance as determined by the multiple choice instrument. Each of the participating students was also asked to attend a videotaped interview in which he was to respond verbally, from memory, to seven cards from the Thematic Apperception Test. The responses were transcribed from the videotape. The transcript of the verbal interview and the videotape of the eye movements exhibited by each student during the interview were classified as to representational system by three trained raters. An analysis of the data was accomplished by means of a factor analysis and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The procedure involved the comparison of mean scores in each of the statistical procedures. Differences in the means were considered to be significant if the probability was less than the .05 level, using the appropriate degrees of freedom. The major findings included the following: (1) Consistency was found within the visual representational group on both the written and eye scanning measures; (2) Consistency was found within the auditory group on the written and eye scanning measures; (3) A negative correlation was found between the visual and auditory groups within the written measure, within the eye scanning measure, and when the scores obtained by the two representational groups were compared on the written and eye scanning measures; (4) There were no significant pattern scores within the kinesthetic groups on any of the three measures; (5) No significant relationships were found between the auditory and kinesthetic groups on any of the measures; (6) Two significant relationships were highlighted between the visual group and the kinesthetic group. There was a negative relationship between the two groups on the written measure and a highly significant negative relationship on the verbal instrument; (7) The results obtained by the representational groups on the verbal instrument did not appear to have any relationship to those obtained from the other two instruments of measure. Several conclusions were drawn from the findings in this study. (1) The generalization that each person has a dominant representational system that can be identified by the predicates used in the speech of the individual does not appear to be substantiated in this study. No valid generalizations can be drawn until instruments have been standardized and determined reliable and valid measures of representational systems. (2) There was consistency between the free associated multiple choice stem selected by an individual and the eye scanning patterns he exhibited while he verbalized a story from the memory of a picture. (3) There was no consistency found between the multiple choice stem selected and the verbal responses elicited from the memory of a picture.

30. Daupert, Dennis L.: A covert imagery intervention into test anxiety based on a chained-anchor model, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP).

Daupert, Dennis L.: A covert imagery intervention into test anxiety based on a chained-anchor model, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). Dissertation Abstracts International 47(6), 2610, 1986.Abstract: In recent years the test anxiety literature has shifted its emphasis from investigating characteristics of high- and low-test-anxious individuals to calling for new treatment approaches. Concurrently, the underlying construct of test anxiety has evolved from a focus on emotional reactivity towards a view of the importance of cognitive and attentional factors. The current study was designed to test an intervention based on the concepts from Neuro-Linguistic Programming. By the way of guiding subjects through a pre-planned sequence of imagined scenes, the experimentator hoped to elicit subject’s cognitive/attentional resources and organize them in a way that would counteract the debilitating effects of the test anxiety.Description: 155 Psychology students from Georgia State University were randomly assigned to either the treatment or Control Condition. All subjects were initially given the Test Anxiety Scale and the Creative Imagination Scale, which allowed for grouping of subjects based upon high- vs. low anxiety and high- vs. low imagery ability.

31. Davis, Gerald L., Jr.: Neurolinguistic Programming as an interviewing technique with prelingually deaf adults.

Davis, Gerald L., Jr.: Neurolinguistic Programming as an interviewing technique with prelingually deaf adults. Dissertation Abstracts International 46(5), 1247-A 1248-A Oklahoma State University, 91 pp. Order = DA8515247, 1984.Abstract: Scope of Study: Hearing loss is the number one handicapping condition in the United States. The major problem faced by deaf individuals is that of communication. Prelingually deaf adults volunteered for this study and they, as a group, were either born deaf or became deaf prior to language acquisition (usually about age three). This purpose of this study was threefold in nature. First, the study centered on the investigation and reporting of data regarding leisure, social, and recreational activities and needs of prelingually deaf adults. Of major concern in this regard was the deaf individual's educational, social, emotional, and vocational adjustment in relationship to appropriate play experiences and leisure programming activities. Second, the study focused on neurolinguistic programming (NLP), the model or tool utilized in gathering and reporting of data. This communication-based interviewing model was selected because its clinical approach offered a replicable model in addition to having sound theoretical principles. Furthermore, this interviewing method was communication oriented and focused on verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Finally, this study investigated calibrating, mapping, and replicating strategies relative to successful, peak-performance behaviors. Eye scanning patterns were the basis for mapping particular experiences. Findings and Conclusions: Five prelingually deaf adults were interviewed regarding personal, educational, vocational, disability, and recreational experiences. Their responses were divided into content and process sections for ease of presentation and analysis of the data. NLP was the communication model utilized to interview participants. Its structure, terminology, and sound theoretical principles resulted in gathering valuable process information relative to "successful" and "unsuccessful" behaviors. Particular eye scanning patterns of subjective internal experiences regarding successful and unsuccessful behavior were calibrated, mapped, and recorded.

32. Day, Rhetta C.G.: Students' perceptions of Neurolinguistic Programming strategies (counseling, communication, clients, therapy).

Day, Rhetta C.G.: Students' perceptions of Neurolinguistic Programming strategies (counseling, communication, clients, therapy). Dissertation Abstracts International 46(4), 1333-B Florida State University, 130 pp., 1985.Abstract: Little empirical research has been carried out on the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) theoretical model to date. No research investigated strategies: conglomerations of representational systems emitted by individuals. To facilitate therapy, the clients must perceive the therapist as credible (that is, expert, attractive, and trustworthy) and having utility. According to NLP theory, the client can best perceive the therapist as credible and having utility when the therapist uses the NLP model to match the client's strategies. Four hypotheses were tested in the post-group only control group design. The treatment factor consisted of two levels, representing the matched strategies and the non-matched strategies techniques. The non- matched strategies technique served as the "control group". Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two class groups. Though all students in the two groups were invited to participate as subjects and to control for the Hawthorne effect, the sample used consisted of 60 white female students who observed, along with the rest of the classes, one 15 minute treatment film randomly assigned to them. Thirty subjects were in each of the two groups. After observing the film, the subjects filled out the Counselor Effectiveness Rating Scale (CERS; Atkinson & Carskaddon, 1975). A multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and t-tests were used to assess the data. The MANOVA was significant at the p<.10 level and each of the four t- tests were significant at the p<.025 level. Each of the four hypotheses were supported.

33. Dilts, Robert: EEG and representational systems

Dilts, Robert: EEG and representational systems University of California, Santa Cruz,CA (Published in Roots of NLP, Meta Publications, 1983), 1977.Abstract: The study, conducted at the Langley Porter NeuropsychiatricDescription: Institute in San Francisco, attempted to correlate eye movements to

34. Dixon, Paul N.; Parr, Gerald D.; Yarbrough, Douglass; Rathael, Michael: Neurolinguistic programming as a persuasive communication technique.

Dixon, Paul N.; Parr, Gerald D.; Yarbrough, Douglass; Rathael, Michael: Neurolinguistic programming as a persuasive communication technique. Journal of Social Psychology; Aug Vol 126 (4) 545-550, 1986.Abstract: Compared the persuasive power of R. Bandler and J. Grinder's (1975) neurolinguistic programming (in which pacing and metaphor are used to overcome client resistance) to direct and placebo content messages in a group persuasion context among 98 undergraduates. Results indicate no significant differences in attitudes following treatment for the 3 groups. However, the direct message treatment was significantly more persuasive than the other treatments as reflected in the behavioral measure.

35. Dooley, Kathleen; Farmer, Alvirda: Comparison for aphasic and control subjects of eye movements hypothesized in Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP).

Dooley, Kathleen; Farmer, Alvirda: Comparison for aphasic and control subjects of eye movements hypothesized in Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67(1), Aug pp. 233-234, 1988.Abstract: This article measured Neurolinguistic Programming's hypothesized eye movements using videotapes of 10 nonfluent aphasic Ss (mean age 56.6 yrs) and 10 matched controls (mean age 57 yrs.). Analysis indicated that eye- position responses were significantly different for the groups. Aphasic Ss used eye positions designated as kinesthetic and defocused; controls used eye positions designated as visual and auditory.

36. Dorn, Fred J.: Assessing primary representational system (PRS) preference for Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) using three methods.

Dorn, Fred J.: Assessing primary representational system (PRS) preference for Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) using three methods. Counselor Education and Supervision; Dec Vol 23(2) 149-156, 1983.Abstract: NLP theory suggests that each person has a preference for 1 of the 3 primary senses: visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. AB | 120 undergraduates were presented with 3 methods of identifying their PRS, which included an interview, a word list, and a self- report. Results do not confirm that PRS can be accurately assessed using these 3 methods.

37. Dowd, Thomas E.; Hingst, Ann G.: Matching therapists' predicates: an in vivo test of effectiveness.

Dowd, Thomas E.; Hingst, Ann G.: Matching therapists' predicates: an in vivo test of effectiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, p. 207-210, 1983.Abstract: The theory of Neurolinguistic Programming predicts that a therapist's matching of a client's primary representational system, as expressed in the client's predicates, should result in increased therapist's rapport and social influence. This hypothesis was tested in an actual interview situation. Six relatively inexperienced therapists, two each in predicate matching, predicate mismatching, and predicate no- matching conditions, conducted a 30-min. interview with nine undergraduate student volunteers each, for a total of 54 subjects. After the appropriate interview condition was completed, subjects rated their therapists on the Counselor Rating Form and the Counseling Evaluation Inventory. No significant differences among the three conditions on any of the measures were found. Results are compared with those of previous research on assessment and primary representational system matching in analogue situations.

38. Dowd, Thomas E.; Pety, John: Effect of counselor predicate matching on perceived social influence and client satisfaction.

Dowd, Thomas E.; Pety, John: Effect of counselor predicate matching on perceived social influence and client satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(2), 206- 209, 1982.Abstract: This study provided a test of the effects of counselor predicate matching, according to the Neurolinguistic Programming Model. A total of 84 college students listened to one of four audiotapes representing a 15- minute segment of a stimulated counseling interview. Each interview portrayed a male and female counselor working with a female student who was encountering difficulty building friendships. Two scripts were employed that varied only in the type of predicates used by the counselor. Four conditions were defined by: (a) male or female counselor matching client predicates identified as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic and (b) male or female counselor mismatching these same identified predicates. Prior to listening to the tape, subjects rated their willingness to see a counselor about a salient problem. After listening to the tape, subjects rated the counselor on the Counselor Rating Form and the Counselor Evaluation Inventory and rated their willingness to see that particular counselor. Results showed no predicate matching effects on any measure but did show a significant counselor effect on post- interview willingness to see the counselor.

39. Duda, Karin: A study of the eye movement hypothesis of NLP.

Duda, Karin: A study of the eye movement hypothesis of NLP. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, Master thesis, 1990.Abstract: Die Arbeit setzte es sich zum Ziel, das von Bandler und Grinder (1975) im Neurolinguistischen Programmieren (NLP) postulierte Augenbewegungsmodell experimentell zu überprüfen. Die übergeordnete Fragestellung lautete dabei: Gibt es den im NLP postulierten Zusammenhang zwischen sichtbaren augenbewegungen in bestimmte Positionen und sinnesspezifischen innern Prozessen ? Es werden zunächst die Vorgehensweisen schon vorliegender Untersuchungen zu dieser Fragestellung aufgeführt. Die Befunde dieser Studien können das Augenbewegungsmodell insgesamt nicht bestätigen. Der Autorin wesentlich erscheinende Aspekte dieser Studien, die deren Ergebnisse nachteilig beeinflußt haben könnten, werden diskutiert und in der vorliegenden Arbeit vermieden. An der Untersuchung nahmen 42 rechtshändige Versuchspersonen teil. Diesen wurden jeweils 23 Fragen unterschiedlicher Modalitäten (visuell erinnert, visuell konstruiert, auditiv erinnert, auditiv konstruiert, kinästhetisch) gestellt. Diese Fragen, in Anlehnung an die im Augenbewegungsmodell unterschiedenen Modalitäten, sollten dabei die spezifischen vom Modell postulierten Augenbewegungen bei der Beantwortung der Fragen hervorrufen. Die Versuchspersonen wurden instruiert, die Fragen innerlich zu beantworten, d.h. nicht laut zu verbalisieren. Die Versuchspersonen saßen vor einer reizarmen Glasscheibe, hinter der eine Kamera so plaziert wurde, daß sie den Kopfbereich, und somit die Augenbewegungen der Versuchspersonen optimal aufzeichnen konnte. Für die Auswertung lagen insgesamt 42 x 23 Augenbewegungssequenzen vor, die von einem Rater und einer Raterin anhand eines 9 Kategorien umfassenden Kategoriensystems nach bestimmten Auswertungsmodalitäten ausgewertet wurden. Die Kategorien bezeichneten die im Augenbewegungsmodell spezifizierten Augenpositionen. Die Reliabilität der Rater erreichte einen Wert von Z=.78 (nach Kappa). Die Ratings, in denen jeweils beide Rater übereinstimmten, wurden statistisch- quantitativ anhand des Chi Quadrat-Tests auf Assoziation und des g- Tests von Woolf analysiert. Durch diese Tests wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der jeweiligen Modalität der Frage und der Augenposition der Versuchspersonen ermittelt. Diese Analysen erreichten keine Signifikanz. Vielmehr ergab sich ein Befund, der sich auch schon in anderen Studien gezeigt hatte. Die vom Modell für die Modalität "Auditiv konstruiert" postulierte Augenposition "rechts mitte" erwies sich als die con den beiden Ratern übereinstimmend über alle Modalitäten hinweg häufigste gewählte Kategorie. Dieser Befund wird im Lichte einiger kritischer Aspekte der vorliegenden Untersuchung diskutiert und es werden Anregungen für Nachfolgeuntersuchungen angeboten. Der theoretische Bezug zu physiologischen Modellen zur Hirnhemispherenspezialisation und zu Untersuchungen lateraler Augenbewegungen ermöglicht eine Einordnung des Augenbewegungsmodells in einen größeren wissenschaftlichen Zusammenhang. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Modelle und Untersuchungen wird das Augenbewegungsmodell kritisch hinterfragt. Weitere Untersuchungen zum Augenbewegungsmodell als auch der explizite Bezug zur physiologischen Forschung werden als sehr wünschenswert angesehen.

40. Duncan, Robert C.; Konefal, Janet; Spechler, Marilyn M.: Effect of Neurolinguistic Programming training of self-actualization as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory.

Duncan, Robert C.; Konefal, Janet; Spechler, Marilyn M.: Effect of Neurolinguistic Programming training of self-actualization as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory. Psychological Reports; Jun Vol 66(3, Pt 2) 1323-1330, 1990.Abstract: Within-person changes occurred on self-actualization measures of the Personal Orientation Inventory following a 21-day residential training in neurolinguistic programming for 18 master practitioners and 36 practitioners (aged 21 to 50+ yrs). Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that training increases self- actualization scores.

41. Durand, Douglas; Wetzel, John; Hansen, Anita: Computer analysis of sensory predicate use in written and oral communication.

Durand, Douglas; Wetzel, John; Hansen, Anita: Computer analysis of sensory predicate use in written and oral communication. Psychological Reports; Oct Vol 65(2) 675- 684, 1989.Abstract: 49 employees from all operational levels of a manufacturing firm communicated with researchers 3 times in the following forms: a written reply to a letter, a telephone conversation discussing the written reply, and a written electronic mail message. The samples were transcribed into a computer file for processing by the Rapport Augmentation Program, which uses a neuroliguistic programming technique to access sensory predicate (SPD) patterns. SPDs were detected in all 3 communication modes, but were detected significantly more often in spoken than in written communication. Results support the union of information technology with SPD matching to improve written communication.

42. Egger, Bettina: Seeing is believing: the process of contact with the inner image through painting.

Egger, Bettina: Seeing is believing: the process of contact with the inner image through painting. Dissertation Abstracts International 49(12), 5507.Abstract: The visual world and images indisputably are a vital part of life experience. It is in how to understand these images and their function that conflicts arise. In this study the different approaches to imagery in art therapy, dreamwork, and metaphors are examined. Relevant theoretical approaches, namely Gestalt therapy, Jungian analysis, and Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), are used to define the image as an independent element of the psychological experience. The image has no further function than to be and is not an illustration of pathology.

43. Ehrmantraut, John E., Jr.: A comparison of the therapeutic relationships of counseling students trained in Neurolinguistic Programming vs. students trained on the Carkhuff Model.

Ehrmantraut, John E., Jr.: A comparison of the therapeutic relationships of counseling students trained in Neurolinguistic Programming vs. students trained on the Carkhuff Model. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(10), 3191-B University of Northern Colorado, 1983, 151 pp. Pub. = AAC8328491.Abstract: This study compared the effects of eight hours of training in NLP with eight hours of training on the Carkhuff model on the therapeutic relationships of counselors-in-training enrolled in their initial counseling practicum. Research was conducted at a medium size university in the Rocky Mountain region. Research subjects consisted of 46 counselors-in- training. Ratings were made on the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory on each counselor's work with each client. Raters were the counselors, clients, professors who supervised each session and doctoral students who assisted with supervision. Professors and doctoral students also rated each counselor on the Counselor Evaluation Rating Scale. It was hypothesized counselors trained on the Carkhuff model would be rated higher on all the dependent measures by all the raters. Data were analyzed in four separate MANOVAs. None of the null hypotheses were rejected. That being the case, univariate Fs were not computed. Since NLP trained counselors received scores that did not differ at significant levels from those received by Carkhuff model trained counselors, it was concluded that the NLP approach with its emphasis on nonverbal and process techniques to establish a therapeutic relationship worked as well as the established Carkhuff model. Two conclusions were drawn. First, since NLP techniques produced results that approximated those of the Carkhuff model, some NLP techniques can usefully be integrated into the training of counselors. Second, since NLP trained therapists were not rated higher at significant levels than Carkhuff trained counselors, some of the claims of NLP proponents need to be further evaluated. Further research is necessary to replicate this study with a no- treatment control group, to use pre-and post- measures to determine the possible gains in counselor effectiveness as a result of NLP training, and to examine the effects of ongoing supervision in each of the training modalities on the skill levels of counselors-in-training. It was also suggested that in view of the differences in ratings given by supervisor interns and professors on the dependent measures that research be done to examine the intercorrelations of the ratings and determine if different criteria were being used by professors and supervisor interns.

44. Einspruch, Eric L.; Forman, Bruce D.: Observations concerning research literature on Neurolinguistic Programming.

Einspruch, Eric L.; Forman, Bruce D.: Observations concerning research literature on Neurolinguistic Programming. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(4), 589-596, 1985.Abstract: There is a growing body of empirical literature on Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). A review of this literature by Sharpley (1984) failed to consider a number of methodological errors. In the present article the authors identify six categories of design and methodological errors contained in the 39 empirical studies of NLP documents through April 1984. These categories include (a) lack of understanding of the concepts of pattern recognition and inadequate control of context; (b) unfamiliarity with NLP as an approach to therapy; (c) lack of familiarity with the NLP "Meta-Model" of linguistic communication; (d) failure to consider the role of stimulus- response associations; (e) inadequate interviewer training and definitions of rapport; and, (f) logical mistakes. Representative reports reflecting each category are discussed. Suggestions are offered for improving the quality of research on NLP.

45. Einspruch, Eric L.; Forman, Bruce D.: Neurolinguistic Programming in the treatment of phobias.

Einspruch, Eric L.; Forman, Bruce D.: Neurolinguistic Programming in the treatment of phobias. Psychotherapy in private practice, 6(1), p. 91-100, 1988.Abstract: This article evaluated a program for treating phobias based on R. Bandler and J. Grinder's (1979) Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) and Ericksonian approaches to psychotherapy within the context of a multifaceted treatment program. Thirty-one phobic patients seen in group/class treatment programs completed Mark's Phobia Questionnaire and Fear Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory before and after 8 weeks of treatment. Seventeen patients seen in individual therapy completed part of the phobia questionnaire before and after treatment. Results indicate marked improvement by those who were treated. Findings suggest that NLP holds promise for becoming an important set of therapeutic techniques for treating phobias.

46. Elich, Matthew; Thompson, Richard W.; Miller, Laurence: Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: a test of Neurolinguistic Programming.

Elich, Matthew; Thompson, Richard W.; Miller, Laurence: Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: a test of Neurolinguistic Programming. Journal of Counseling Psychology; Oct Vol 32(4) 622- 625, 1985.Abstract: Tested R. Bandler and J. Grinder's (1975, 1979) neurolinguistic programming theory that eye movement direction and spoken predicates are indicative of sensory modality of imagery. 39 undergraduates reported on modality, sequence, and vividness of images to questions that evoked either no images or visual, auditory, or kinesthetic images. Eye movement direction and spoken predicates were matched with sensory modality of the questions. Ss reported images in the 3 modes, but no relation between imagery and eye movements or predicates was found. The visual modality was dominant. Visual images were most vivid and often reported. Most Ss rated themselves as visual, and most spoken predicates were visual. Data are discussed in the context of an ever- growing literature that does not support Bandler and Grinder's model and in the context of the difficulties in interpreting the model itself.

47. Ellickson, Judy L.: Representational systems and eye movements in an interview.

Ellickson, Judy L.: Representational systems and eye movements in an interview. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(3), 339-345, 1983.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the assumption that the perceived relationship between counselor (interviewer) and client (participant) is enhanced using the model postulated by Grinder, DeLozier, and Bandler (1977). Seventy-two volunteers from a large midwestern university participated in one of two interview conditions: (a) a congruent interview in which interviewers responded with "perceptual predicates" that matched the participant's representational system as indicated by eye movement; and (b) an incongruent interview in which interviewers mismatched the participant's representational system. Empathy, ease, anxiety, and hostility were measured by three self- report instruments: (a) Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory -- Empathic Understanding Scale; (b) Ease of Communication Inventory; (c) Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Seven hypothesis used to test the main effects and interactions of sex of interviewer, sex of participant, and condition revealed questionable support for the notion of increased rapport when the interviewers responded congruently to representational systems indicated by participant's eye movements.

48. Ellis, John L.: Representational systems: an investigation of sensory predicate use in a self-disclosure interview.

Ellis, John L.: Representational systems: an investigation of sensory predicate use in a self- disclosure interview. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(11), 4244-B University of Minnesota, 194 pp. Pub. = AAC8109421, 1980.Abstract: The present study was designed to provide a methodologically sound test of the model of representational systems as described by Richard Bandler and John Grinder (Bandler and Grinder, 1975; Grinder and Bandler, 1976), through the assessment of use of verbal predicates in describing experiences. Bandler and Grinder postulate that individuals differ in the degree to which they use of value their respective senses in processing or "representing" their experiences. They further postulate a direct relationship between an individual's most valued (sensory) system and the predicates that person chooses to describe his or her experience. Three groups of twenty female undergraduate subjects were recruited from three college majors which were expected to differ on the variable "most valued representational system". The majors were: Studio Art (presumed more visual); Music (presumed more auditory); and Physical Education (presumed more kinesthetic). Subjects participated in a structured interview in which they were asked to describe their experiences on four topics. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Rating rules were formulated and raters were trained to acceptable levels of pair- wise agreement. Following this, raters rated every verb, adverb, and adjective on the 240 topic- transcripts on a six category scale: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory, and unspecified. Ratings were summed within topic and the proportion in each category was computed. A multivariate extension of a classic split-plot design was used to analyze predicate use. Analyses were completed only on the three categories of interest: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Statistical analyses showed all effects to be significant using the Hotelling-Lawley trace statistic. Major effect was significant at p=.00935; topic effect was significant at p=.00001; and the major by topic interaction effect was significant at p=.00011. Subsequent univariate analyses and follow-up pairwise contrasts on means revealed that Art students used more visual predicates than did Music or Phys. Ed. students and that Music students used more auditory predicates than did Art or Phys. Ed. students. These differences in predicate use, however, occurred on only two of the four topics used in the interview. Differences in kinesthetic predicate use were not significant on any topics. Subjects also rated themselves (using Likert-type scales) on the degree to which they believed themselves to be visual, auditory, etc. There were no differences between majors that were significant at p=.05, but Art students tended to describe themselves as more visual than did Music or Phys. Ed. students (p=.0543). Correlations between predicate ratings and self-ratings were also computed. The only significant positive correlation observed was between auditory predicate ratings and auditory self- ratings. The correlation was .336 (p=.008). While several of the findings could clearly be interpreted as supporting the model of representational systems as proposed by Bandler and Grinder, there are many discrepancies between the data observed and predictions of the model. A competing explanation for the results is introduced and discussed. It is concluded that while the model of representational systems may be a useful metaphor which has some basis in fact, it still remains empirically unvalidated.

49. Faist, Wolfgang Johann: Influencing phobic behaviour using the dissociative interventions by BANDLER/ GRINDER (NLP).

Faist, Wolfgang Johann: Influencing phobic behaviour using the dissociative interventions by BANDLER/ GRINDER (NLP). University of Munich, Prof. Dr. W. Tunner, 1987.Abstract: In dieser Arbeit wird die Dissoziationstechnik aus dem NLP an 11 Klientinnen untersucht. 12 NLP Therapeuten behandelten die einfach und multiplen phobische Patienten mittels der zweifachen Dissoziationstechnik. In einer pre-post-follow up Testung wird der Einfluß auf die phobische Reaktion gemessen. Abhängige Variablen waren diverse subjektive Angsteinschätzungsskalen und Einschätzungen psychosomatischer Beschwerden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß 8 der 11 Klientinnen nach der Intervention mittels der Dissoziationstechnik eine deutliche Abnahme der Angsteinschätzung aufwiesen (p<.25).

50. Farmer, A.; Rooney, R.; Cunningham, J.R.: Hypothesized eye movements of Neurolinguistic Programming: a statistical artifact.

Farmer, A.; Rooney, R.; Cunningham, J.R.: Hypothesized eye movements of Neurolinguistic Programming: a statistical artifact. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 717-718, 1985.Abstract: Neurolinguistic programming's hypothesized eye- movements were measured independently from videotapes of 30 subjects, aged 15 to 76 yr., who were asked to recall visual pictures, recorded audio sounds, and textural objects. Chi square analysis indicated that subjects' responses were significantly different from those predicted. When chi square comparisons were weighted by number of eye positions assigned to each modality (3 visual, 3 auditory, 1 kinesthetic), subjects' responses did not differ significantly from the expected pattern. These data indicate that the eye-movement hypothesis may represent randomly occurring rather than sensory-modality- related positions.

51. Farmer, Stephen S.: Supervisory conferences in communicative disorders: verbal and nonverbal interpersonal communication pacing.

Farmer, Stephen S.: Supervisory conferences in communicative disorders: verbal and nonverbal interpersonal communication pacing. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(9), 2715-B 2716-B University of Colorado (Boulder), 195 pp. Order = DA8400891, 1983.Abstract: The present research investigated a supervisor's use of verbal and nonverbal Interpersonal Communication Pacing (ICP) during the Entry Phase (first 5 minutes) of Communication Disorders (CD) conferences. Pacing was the supervisor's matching a majority of the verbal and nonverbal dimensions of the supervisee's communication. Verbal pacing included Reactive Language and Primary Representational System (PRS) matching; nonverbal pacing was done through nonverbal mirroring. Verbal non- pacing included instructive language and PRS non-matching; nonverbal non-pacing included the limited use of nonverbal mirroring. Utilizing a posttest-only control group design, 78 undergraduate and graduate CD students were randomly assigned to the experimental group or control group of one of the four experimental conditions. The experimental group subjects had received training in identifying ICP behaviors. Each of the four experimental conditions involved the subjects viewing a videotape of the entry phase of a CD supervisory conference, judging the presence or absence of the supervisor's ICP, and rating the type and quality of her communication strategies. The Condition I videotape depicted a conference wherein the supervisor paced a majority of the verbal dimensions of the clinician's communication but not the nonverbal; in Condition II, nonverbal but not verbal; in Condition III, both verbal and nonverbal; in Condition IV, neither verbal nor nonverbal. Results of statistical analyses (p=.05) suggested that subjects trained in critical observation of ICP identified the salient pacing feature of the four experimental videotapes more accurately than untrained subjects and hierarchically differentiated the four pacing styles which might have resulted from an unintentional training bias. Trained subjects judged the comprehensive pacing style (verbal plus nonverbal) to be the most effective, followed by nonverbal pacing only, verbal pacing only, and no pacing. Overall, subjects did not judge qualitative differences in semantic differential continua among the four conditions. Academic status, amount of clinical practicum experience and proficiency in Reactive/Interactive therapy techniques had no significant effect on identification of salient verbal and nonverbal ICP features. The investigation supported the observation that ICP is associated with effective CD conference communication but that training in identification and use of ICP techniques is a necessity.

52. Faulkender, Nancy A.: "Primary representational system" and task performance: empirical assessment in prison and normal populations.

Faulkender, Nancy A.: "Primary representational system" and task performance: empirical assessment in prison and normal populations. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(12), 3937-B California School of Professional Psychology at Berkeley, 100 pp. Pub. = AAC8503711, 1985.Abstract: This study was designed to test four hypotheses related to the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model of Bandler and Grinder and its possible clinical implications relating to language perceptual predicate types to actual levels of performance on language and non- language perceptual tasks. Results provided no supportive evidence for the existence of any relationship between preferred perceptual mode in spoken language predicates and abilities to remember or to perform on tasks capitalizing on different perceptual modes. Nor were there any significant differences found between the inmate sample and the non-inmate comparison sample on preference of kinesthetic mode in language, verbal memory, or performance on the Tactual Performance Test. There was limited support for the notion that individuals can be assigned to primary representational system subgroups on the basis of their natural language predicates. However, it was found necessary to utilize both secondary and tertiary perceptual language modes as well in the classification criteria in order to avoid nearly all of the subjects being classified in the kinesthetic category in both sample groups. The only significant differences in measurements between the two samples were on the scores achieved on the auditory performance task, the Speech Sounds Perception Test, and on the verbal memory story in the visual mode. Both of these measurements showed better performance in the non- inmate sample than in the inmate sample. The study's findings regarding tests of the NLP model indicate that this model holds little relevance for research or clinical application in determining actual levels of internal perceptual processing in any of the perceptual modes. The specific inter- group differences found in the verbal/auditory acuity areas do suggest the need for more detailed study, considering possible implications for the design of inmate treatment programs.

53. Ferguson, David M.: The effect of two audiotaped Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) phobia treatments on public speaking anxiety.

Ferguson, David M.: The effect of two audiotaped Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) phobia treatments on public speaking anxiety. Dissertation Abstracts International 49(4), 765 University of Tennessee, 95 pp. Order = DA8810355, 1987.Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the ability of two Neurolinguistic Programming phobia cures to reduce public speaking anxiety. Audiotaped versions of the two phobia cures, the Phobia Cure and the Fast Phobia Cure, were compared to an audiotaped massed systematic desensitization procedure and a no- treatment procedure. Two hundred eighty-five subjects volunteered for this study. To be included in the study each subject had to score 1/2 standard deviation above the mean on the Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker and exhibit no obvious signs of pathology. Subjects who met that criteria were assessed using the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety, the Audience Anxiousness scale, and the Self Assessment of Mastery of Public Speaking scale. Each subject was then randomly assigned to either the Phobia Cure, the Fast Phobia Cure, the massed systematic desensitization procedure, or the no- treatment procedure. The Phobia Cure, the Fast Phobia Cure, and the massed systematic desensitization procedure were administered in one session via an audiotape. Subjects assigned to the no- treatment procedure were requested to wait in a waiting room for 30 minutes. After completing his/her respective treatment, the subject was requested to complete the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety and the Audience Anxiousness scale. Approximately three weeks after the completion of his/her treatment, each subject was requested to complete the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety, the Audience Anxiousness scale, and the Self Assessment of Mastery of Public Speaking Scale. Data were gathered from 20 subjects for each of the four procedures. The data from these three dependent measures were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance. The results of the repeated measures analyses failed to support the hypothesis that the Neurolinguistic Programming phobia cures, when administered via an audiotape, were more effective than an audiotaped massed systematic desensitization procedure or a no- treatment waiting procedure.

54. Forster, C.; Jansen, A.; Margenrot, L.; Unterberger, G.: Medias of psychotherapy. What conditions are decisive for rapport?

Forster, C.; Jansen, A.; Margenrot, L.; Unterberger, G.: Medias of psychotherapy. What conditions are decisive for rapport? College of Hildesheim-Holzminden, Germany, FB Sozialpädagogik, unpublished paper, 1993.Abstract: Anfang 1993 führten wir eine empirische Untersuchung zum Entstehen von Rapport über suggestive Cassetten durch. Rapport ist die zentrale Voraussetzung dafür, daß hypnotische Botschaften Wirkungen ausüben könne. Eine Auswahl von vier Aufnahmen wurde von 81 Stundierenden hinsichtliche wichtiger Merkmale - z.B. Musik, SprecherInnen, Inhalte und Wirkung - beurteilt. Wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, spielen für die Herstellung einess "guten Rapports" viele Variablen eine Rolle, die das "Gesamtpaket" Cassette samt Begleitmaterial betreffen. Eine zentrale Rolle aber spielen die Struktur der Suggestionen einerseits und die Stimme und Sprechweise der SprecherInnen anderseits. Die Anforderungen an die Suggestionen sind sehr hoch; nicht nur die Lösungsstrategien, sondern auch die verwendeten Metaphern sollten möglichst individuell angepaßt sein. Es scheint auch sehr hilfreich zu sein, wenn sie in ihrer sprachlichen Formulierung gut dem "Miltonmodell" des NLP entsprechen, um keinen Widerstand auszulösen. Die Stimme und Sprechweise der SprecherInnen schein den ersten Eindruck und den Wunsch, eine Aufnahme weiteranzuhören, entscheidend zu beeinflussen. So ist es nur in Ausnahmefällen sinnvoll, wenn Therapeuten ihre Suggestionen selbst sprechen (was häufig praktiziert wird). Was die techchnische Qualität der Aufnahmen und die Musik betrifft, sind gründliche empirische Tests mit den jeweiligen Zielgruppen für eine breitere Akzeptanz unbedingt erfoderlich. Optimal wäre in Bezug auf alle untersuchten Variablen eine konsequente individuelle Anpassung einer Aufnahme.

55. Frank, Angela: Using NLP in social work.

Frank, Angela: Using NLP in social work. College of Regensburg or Angela Frank, Motzersreuth 1, 95698 Neualbenreuth, 1997.Abstract: Da die Anwendung der verschiedenen Vorgehensweisen aus dem NLP innerhalb der sozialpädagogischen Arbeit noch nicht bekannt ist, wurde hierzu eine empirische Untersuchung durchgeführt. Als Methode wurde der Fragebogen gewählt. Mehrere Exemplare wurden an Sozialpädagogen, die eine Weiterbildung im Bereich NLP besitzen, verteilt. Die Ergebnisse der Auswertung des Fragebogens wurden dargestellt. Es stellte sich heraus, daß der größte Teil der Personen zwischen 36 und 45 Jahren alt ist und Weiterbildungen in verschiedenen anderen psychologischen Richtungen besitzt. Männliche Sozialpädagogen scheinen überrepräsentiert zu sein. Die Ausbildung wird sowohl von Personen absolviert, die schon längere Zeit in diesem Bereich tätig sind als auch von Berufsanfängern. In bezug auf die Qualität der Ausbildung hat sich ergeben, daß die Sozialpädagogen nicht nur rin geringes Ausbildungsniveau besitzen, sondern zum Großteil die Weiterbildung bis zum Master oder Trainer absolviert haben. Die Hälfte der Personen hat zudem noch weiter Spezialkurse im Bereich NLP besucht. Sehr viele der Fachkräfte arbeiten zumindest in Teilzeit neben einer festen Anstellung auch noch freiberuflich. Man kann nicht sagen, daß es ein bestimmtes Gebiet der Sozialpädagogik gibt, bei dem NLP besonders häufig eingesetzt wird. NLP wird von den Personen hauptsächlich bei der Arbeit mit Klienten, ihren Familien und bei Kontakten mit Dritten, die in irgendeiner Art an der Lösung des Problems beteiligt sind, angewandt. Bei der Frage nach der Anwendungsintensität der einzelnen NLP- Interventionen schnitten das Meta-Modell, verbales und nonverbales Pacing und Leading, die Beachtung der Körpersprache sowie die Reframing- Modelle besonders positiv ab. Ein eher uneinheitliches Bild ergab sich bei der Prozeßsprache, der Time- Line und dem "Swish". Der Anteil, den die NLP- Vorgehensweisen in der gesamten Arbeit ausmachen, ist ebenfalls unterschiedlich. Mehr als die Hälfte der Befragten sagten jedoch aus, daß dieser Beitrag 70 Prozent und mehr beträgt. Bei den Fragen, bei denen die Beachtung bestimmter Merkmale innerhalb der Beratung vor bzw. nach dem NLP angegeben werden sollte, wurden Veränderungen besonders deutlich. Die Sozialpädagogen berücksichtigen das Feed-back des Klienten und den sekundären Gewinn des Problemverhaltens jetzt wesentlich intensiver. Enorme Veränderungen wurden auch bei der Zielformulierung und der Beachtung der ökologischen Verträglichkeit registriert. Zudem gaben sehr viele der Personen an, daß sie ihre Lernfähigkeit erhöhen konnten, sich jetzt fachlich kompetenter fühlen und eine intensivere Selbstreflexion vornehmen. Zum Großteil sind die Fachkräfte mit den derzeitigen Vermittlungsmethoden des NLP zufrieden, auch in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit für ihre Arbeit. Entsprechend diesen positiven Erfahrungen ist auch die Antwort auf die Frage, ob NLP als Weiterbildung für Sozialpädagogen sinnvoll ist, sehr optimistisch ausgefallen.

56. Fremder, Linda A.: Generalization of visual dot pattern strategies to number pattern strategies by learning disabled students.

Fremder, Linda A.: Generalization of visual dot pattern strategies to number pattern strategies by learning disabled students. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(11), 4055-A Columbia University Teachers College, 116 pp. Order = DA8704296, 1986.Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether training visual dot pattern strategies in learning disabled students would transfer to different visual pattern tasks as well as generalize to arithmetic sequencing. The sample consisted of 84 learning disabled and non- learning disabled students. The students were between the ages of 12-0 and 15-11. The learning disabled students' deficiency in visual dot and number pattern skills provided the rationale for training to improve these skills. The 42 learning disabled students were classified Neurologically Impaired (NI) or Perceptually Impaired (PI) in accordance with New Jersey Administrative Code Chapter 6:28. These 42 children were placed in three groups: (a) standard cognitive strategy training; (b) standard cognitive training plus Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP); and, (c) a control practice group. The study consisted of three phases: (a) pretest; (b) intervention; and, (c) posttest. Intervention consisted of three 20 minute training sessions for learning disabled students every second week for six weeks. Statistical analyses were performed on data collected from the Pattern Recognition Assessment (PRA) which was specifically developed for this study. The results showed significant transfer effects for both treatment groups when compared to the practice group but no difference between the treatment groups. Significant generalization effects occurred within all groups including the control group. The control group improvement, which negated treatment effects for generalization, was interpreted as chance variability.

57. Frieden, Fredrick P.: Speaking the client's language: the effects of Neurolinguistic Programming (predicate matching) on verbal and nonverbal behaviors in psychotherapy.

Frieden, Fredrick P.: Speaking the client's language: the effects of Neurolinguistic Programming (predicate matching) on verbal and nonverbal behaviors in psychotherapy. A single case design. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(3), 1171-B Virginia Commonwealth University, 146 pp. Pub. = AAC8118960, 1981.Abstract: Bandler and Grinder's (1976) technique of Neurolinguistic Programming (predicate matching) was tested as to its effects on trust, communicative behaviors and outcome. Two female undergraduate students seeking counseling for personal problems were the participants in the present study. The participants, after an initial baseline session, received alternating sessions where the therapist/experimenter systematically matched or mismatched the sensory predicates used by the clients/participants. The clients/participants rated "relationship" after each session as measured by the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory. They also rated pre- post therapy symptoms on the Target Complaints Scale. Trained judges viewed and coded segments of videotapes from eight therapy sessions with each client/participant. Client verbal behavior measures included length of utterance, speech errors, client requests for rephrasing and level of self- exploration. Client nonverbal behavior measures included head- to-head distances, angle of lean, facial observation (eye contact), and facial pleasantness. Therapist verbal behavior measures were monitored for accuracy of matching, mismatching, or non- sensory language and type of therapist intervention. A global measure of therapist/experimenter nonverbal warmth was obtained to monitor therapist warmth as a moderator variable. The results obtained suggested partial support for Bandler and Grinder's (1976) theories. When some of the data was averaged it appeared that predicate matching produced increased eye contact and paradoxically increased head-to-head distance. These findings were discussed in terms of anxiety or intimacy regulation. "Relationship" as measured by the BLRI was not affected by the independent variable of matching/mismatching. Outcome as measured by the target complaints indicated that each client/participant experienced improvements in all three identified symptom areas. This study concluded with a discussion of client differences, methodological problems, implications for theory, training and future research.

58. Fromme, Donald K.; Daniell, Jennifer: Neurolinguistic Programming examined: imagery, sensory mode, and communication.

Fromme, Donald K.; Daniell, Jennifer: Neurolinguistic Programming examined: imagery, sensory mode, and communication. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 1984.Abstract: Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) assumptions were tested by examining intercorrelations among response times of 32 male and 32 female Introductory Psychology volunteers for extracting visual, auditory, and kinesthetic information from alphabetic images. Large (r = .67 to .74, p<0.0001) positive intercorrelations were obtained, the only outcome not compatible with NLP. Next, no support was found for the NLP-derived hypothesis that subjects showing differential ability across sensory modes would choose word phrases reflecting their preferred sensory mode. Finally, no support was found for the NLP-derived hypothesis that subjects matched for visualization ability would communicate Bender- Gestalt design information more accurately than would mismatched subjects. Regardless of who transmitted the design information, good visualizers were significantly (p<.05) better than were poor visualizers in reproducing designs from verbal information.

59. Fruchter, Helane J.: Sensory reinforcement in the service of aggression maintenance in children: a treatment study.

Fruchter, Helane J.: Sensory reinforcement in the service of aggression maintenance in children: a treatment study. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(3) 1013-B Syracuse University, 124 pp. Pub. = AAC8410711, 1983.Abstract: A conceptual framework is presented which indicates that certain aggressive behaviors in children, once established, may be maintained by the sensory consequences which they effect. Literature is reviewed on the concepts of sensory reinforcement in animals, the treatment of self-injurious behaviors in autistic children, the relationship between solitary toy play and aggressive behaviors, the Neurolinguistic Programming theory of preferred sensory modes, and on modeling vs. sensory feedback in experimentally-induced aggression. Comprehensively, this research suggests utilizing the principles of naturally-occurring visual, auditory, or proprioceptive reinforcers to both reduce levels of aggressive behavior and to simultaneously increase other, more adaptive alternatives, e.g. toy play. A study is presented in which sensory extinction and sensory reinforcement principles were employed within an experimental setting to modify the aggressive behaviors of six boys. A single-subject research design was utilized in order to evaluate the efficacy of these procedures for each of the six children. The first phase of the study consisted of sessions in which each subject's aggressive behavior was monitored alternately under baseline and sensory extinction experimental conditions. Subjects were then trained in toy play which theoretically could provide each subject with sensory feedback along each of the different sensory modalities. Finally, each subject's aggressive and toy play behaviors were monitored in the absence of experimental contingencies, in order to determine if toy play behavior would substitute for aggressive behaviors. This last condition was reinstated at two and four weeks post-treatment in order to evaluate the maintenance across time of any behavioral change. The results of the study in general did not support the original hypotheses. While sensory extinction procedures did modify the aggressive behavior of some of the subjects, this effect was shortlived and toy play behavior did not appreciably substitute for aggression. Several plausible hypotheses are discussed which may account for these findings. Finally, suggestions are made for future research in this area.

60. Frye, Mary L.: An analysis of the relationship between leisure interests and representational systems among college freshman students with implications for leisure counseling.

Frye, Mary L.: An analysis of the relationship between leisure interests and representational systems among college freshman students with implications for leisure counseling. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(6) 2764-A Oklahoma State University, 93 pp. Order = 8027178, 1980.Abstract: Scope of study: The focus for this study was the examination of leisure interests and sensory modes/representational systems (kinesthetic, auditory, visual) among university students from the colleges of Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Home Economics, Business, Agriculture, and Education at Oklahoma State University. The McKechnie Leisure Activities Blank was administered to the 300 freshman student sample. In addition, three judges evaluated the students' written paragraphs describing a leisure activity in order to determine representational systems from the predicates used. Factors also considered in the study were sex, size of home town, type of preferred leisure activity and those with whom the meaningful leisure activity was shared. Findings and Conclusions: A F test for homogeneity of variance, t-tests and analysis of variance were used to examine relationships and differences. There was no relationship found between leisure interest categories and representational systems/sensory modes. Males were found to be higher in mechanical interests while females showed greater interest in the crafts, slow living and clean living categories. Sex differences were not found in the adventure, intellectual, ego- recognition and easy living categories. Differences between the students of each college in their leisure interests were reflected in the mechanical category with Agriculture high and Education low; Home Economics was high in craft interest while Agriculture was low; and Education was high in the easy living category and Business was low. Hometown size had little effect on either leisure interests or representational systems. Neither sex nor chosen college affected the representational systems. Those who were dominant in the kinesthetic sensory mode ranked high in the water skiing, snow skiing and competitive sports preferred activities. Those auditorily oriented preferred listening to music or informally performing in the mediums of dance, drama or music, and primarily with a large group sharing the experiences. The visually dominant preferred travel and boating relating to either being alone or in a large group. The kinesthetic representational system was found to be dominant over auditory and visual. In approximately one- fourth of the cases, a combination of representational systems was used in the students' descriptions of preferred leisure experiences. Future research studies should include the comparative use of oral and written communication in delineating representational systems. The development of more precise methods of judging representational and sensory modes is a potential for future research. This study does offer evidence to support the premise that a dominance in representational systems does exist.

61. Gallo, Fred P.: Verbal synchrony and the maintenance of rapport between collegiate instructors and their students (NLP Teaching).

Gallo, Fred P.: Verbal synchrony and the maintenance of rapport between collegiate instructors and their students (NLP Teaching). Dissertation Abstracts International 46(3), p. 624.Abstract: This study examined the effect of sensory predicate matching on the development of rapport within a collegiate instructional context. sensory predicate matching is a form of verbal synchrony, whereby the instructor matches categories of sensory predicates evident in the student's speech. This study was limited to an examination of the effect of this variable on rapport maintenance within individual discussion situations. To test the effect of this procedure the design entailed semi-structured discussions which simulated a collegiate instructional/ discussion context. Experimental manipulation of instructor verbal behavior was conducted with the following three conditions being assessed: Unspecified, matching, and mismatching. Each condition entailed a method of instructor behavior used throughout the discussions. Other relevant variables such as voice tone/tempo, gestures, posture, etc. were controlled for as much as possible. At the conclusion of each discussion, Ss completed the Anderson and Anderson Interview Rating Scale. This scale provided an operational definition of rapport and scores to measure the gegree of rapport experienced by Ss in each of the experimental conditions. Groups of scores for the three conditions provided the data for statistical analysis. An ANOVA applied to the data yielded non-significant results. The implications of thees findings with respect to the complexity of rapport, NLP, design limitations and implications for future research were examined.

62. Genser-Medlitsch, Martina; Schütz, Peter: Does Neuro-Linguistic psychotherapy have effect? New Results shown in the extramural section.

Genser-Medlitsch, Martina; Schütz, Peter: Does Neuro-Linguistic psychotherapy have effect? New Results shown in the extramural section. Martina Genser- Medlitsch; Peter Schütz, ÖTZ- NLP, Wiederhofergasse 4, A- 1090, Wien, Austria, 1997.Abstract: The objective of the first comprehensive evaluation study on NL psychotherapy (NLPT) was to test whether individual NLP therapy, in principle, is effective in free practice. This study is based on a prospective controlled design with ratings at three points of time and was conducted under practice-related conditions. Data were gathered by means of standardized psychological questionnaires, which in some aspects were related to NLP concepts. The test sample (55 therapy clients and 60 waiting list control group clients) was heterogeneous as to patterns of symptoms and discomforts. The effect of NLPT was studied by examining changes of individual complaints, clinical psychological symptoms, individual coping strategies and locus of control tendencies and by assessmant on the part of the clients and the therapists of the success of treatment. The results were analyzed by means of two probabilistic models better suited for the purpose of measuring such changes. Changes of psychological properties were measured by means of the linear rating scale model (LRSM) and the linear partial credit model (LPCM), and it could be established that, in principle, NLP is effective in accordance with the therapeutic objective. In addition, the influence on the effectiveness of the therapy of duration of treatment, age and sex of the clients were examined.

63. Gerhardt, Kathrin: Construction and first evaluation of a manual designed to measure success in therapy with pain patients.

Gerhardt, Kathrin: Construction and first evaluation of a manual designed to measure success in therapy with pain patients. University of Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Master thesis, 1992.Abstract: In der vorliegnenden Arbeit wurde ein Manual erstellt, bestehend aus zwei Fragebögen, das auf subjektive Weise die Erfolge einer Psychotherapie bei chronisch schmerzkranken Patienten erfassen soll. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte mittles Fragebogen an zwei verschiednen Zeitpunkten ählich einer Vorher-Nachher- Untersuchung, wobei dei der Ersterprobung eine retrospektive Befragung gewählt wurde. Ausgehend von der Frage, ob Psychotherapie bei chronisch Schmerzkranken zu einer Steigerung der Selbsthilfemöglichkeiten führt, und damit zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung in den Lebensbereichen: 1. Schmerzerleben, 2. Familienerleben, soziale Komponente, 3. Streßerleben, 4. Allgemeine Lebensfreude wurde das Manual so konstruiert, daß jede der Skalen aus vier Fragen bestand - jeder Fragebogen demnach 16 Items umfaßt. Diese Items waren auf einer fünfstufigen Skala zu beantworten, je höher dabei der Wert, desto größer waren die Probleme mit dem Schmerz und dessen Begleiterscheinungen für den Betroffenen. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 20 chronisch schmerzkranken Patienten, 16 Frauen und 4 Männer mit unterschiedlichen Diagnosen (Migräne, allgemeiner Kopfschmerz, Rückenschmerzen, Leistenschmerz, Muskelschmerz Schulter-Arm-Syndrom, Thalamusschmerz und Trigeminus-Neuralgie). Die Altersverteilung lag zwischen 15 und 75 Jahren. Alle Patienten waren in interdisziplinären Verfahren behandelt worden und waren zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung am Ende einer Psychotherapeie oder hatten diese schon beendet. Alle galten vor der Therapie als "therapeutisch problematisch", hatten also schon mehrere erfolglose Therapieversuche hinter sich. Dabei brachten alle drei in der Gemeinschaftspraxis Besser-Siegmung und Siegmund arbeitenden Psychologen Patienten in die Stichprobe ein. Die Therapie bestand aus einer speziell für Schmerzkranke entwickelten Kurzzeittherapie auf Verhaltenstherapeutischer Basis. Zur Auswertung wurden die erhobenen Daten statistisch verrechnet und erbrachten sowohl auf Item, als auch auf Skalenebene signifikante Ergebnisse. Dies Signifikanzen wurden mit dem WILCOXON- Test auf dem 0,05 Signifikanzniveau errechnet. Das Manual zeigt damit deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Zeitpunkten der Befragung - Schmerzerleben vor der Therapie und nach der Therapie, und macht so den durch die Psychotherapie erzielten Erfolg meßbar. Hervorzuheben ist, daß es tatsächlich einen gravierenden Unterschied gegeben hat. Die Psychotherapie konnte den Patienten als sehr deutlich zu einer subjektiven Verbesserung der Lebensqualität verhelfen, was im Vergleich zu anderen Therapiemethoden und der langen Schmerzkarriere der Betroffenen einerseits eine große subjektive Erleichterung darstellt, andererseits einen enormen Erfolg für die Psychotherapie bedeutet. Die Hypotese konnte aufgrund der signifikanten Ergebnisse als bestätigt gelten, man kann also sagen: Psychotherapie führt bei chronisch schmerzkranken Patienten zu einer Steigerung der Selbsthilfemöglichkeiten, und damit zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung in den Lebensbereichen: 1. Schmerzerleben, 2. Familienerleben, soziale Komponente, 3. Streßerleben, 4. Allgemeine Lebensfreude.

64. Glöser, Claudia: Testing the effectiveness of NLP´s Six Step Reframing Model with subjectivly obese clients.

Glöser, Claudia: Testing the effectiveness of NLP´s Six Step Reframing Model with subjectivly obese clients. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, Master thesis, 1991.Abstract: In dieser Arbeit wird die NLP- Technik des Six-Step Reframings bei 5 weiblichen Klientinnen, die subjektiv übergewichtig sind, auf ihre Wirksamkeit hin untersucht. Ziel der Studie war es, in der pre-post Untersuchung, eine Gewichtsreduktion und Selbstwahrnehmung der Klientinnen zu erreichen. Es zeigten sich keine Effekte im Sinne der Hypothesen. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, worin Ursachen für die Ergebnisse zu finden sind und alternative Vorschläge für Folgeuntersuchungen werden vorgeschlagen. Es gab keine Kontrollgruppe und es wurde nicht selektiert, inwieweit in der Stichprobe z.B. Bulimikerinnen oder andere psychogene Eßstörungen vorlagen. Effekte zeigten sich vereinzelt für einzelne Klientinnen.

65. Graunke, Bruce R.: An evaluation of Neurolinguistic Programming: the impact of varied imaging tasks upon sensory predicates.

Graunke, Bruce R.: An evaluation of Neurolinguistic Programming: the impact of varied imaging tasks upon sensory predicates. Dissertation Abstracts International 46(6) University of Houston, 1984, 226 pp. Pub. = AAC8420009.Abstract: The importance of careful systematic research in the development of therapeutic models is evident. The present study is an exploration of an increasingly popular sensory-based therapeutic model, known as Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). The study provided a research foundation for NLP and reviewed the current terminology and therapeutic interventions from 14 NLP publications (e.g., Dilts, Grinder, Bandler, and DeLozier, 1980). Five theoretical assumptions were proposed for NLP. These were : (1) NLP is a single- domain theory; (2) Experiences may be internally represented via at least five sensory channels; (3) Sensory representational channels may be directed either internally or externally; (4) There are consistent relationships between a person's external, observable behavior and his internal sensory processing; and, (5) Communication between individuals is enhanced if they emphasize the same sensory channel. The present study examined the relationship between one behavioral measure (sensory predicate usage) and internal imaging. Data was obtained from forty-five female college students during ten imaging tasks (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, combined, -- pleasant and unpleasant -- , earliest memory, accomplishment). The ten experimental tasks primarily involved subject- generated images based upon the Personal Imagery Questionnaire (Baer and McSweeny, 1976). The obtained results suggest a systematic relationship between sensory predicate usage and internal imaging. In addition to collecting descriptive data regarding sensory predicates, the present study tested whether sensory predicate usage might be considered as a situational variable. Past research and publications of NLP have almost exclusively considered sensory predicates as a trait characteristic reflecting an individual's cognitive typology or primary representational system (i.e., visualizer, audile, kinesthete). It was found that most individuals predominantly use kinesthetic sensory predicates, which was consistent with past research on NLP (e.g., Gumm, Walker, and Day, 1982). Concurrently, it was found that individuals are easily able to shift their use of predicates according to the context or task demands. Implications for future research and theoretical development of Neurolinguistic Programming are discussed.

66. Green, Margaret A.: Trust as effected by representational system predicates.

Green, Margaret A.: Trust as effected by representational system predicates. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(8) 3159-B Ball State University, 130 pp. Pub. = AAC8104651, 1979.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test experimentally a method based on Grinder and Bandler's theory of establishing trust through matching experimenter language to the various representational systems of subjects. Briefly, the representational system technique of establishing trust is that individuals organize their experiences into internal representational systems (which may be auditory, kinesthetic, or visual); that individuals specialize and one of the systems becomes the primary representational system (PRS); that by listening to the predicates used in an individual's natural language one may determine the representational system necessary to speak another individual's language; and that trust is built by one individual matching predicate representational systems and thereby speaking the other's language. Trust was operationally defined as self- disclosure, which was measured by Jourard's Questionnaire for measuring trust between subjects and experimenters. If the proposition regarding trust as postulated by Grinder and Bandler (1976) had been correct, then matching facilitator-subject predicates would have resulted in a significant increase in self- disclosure or trust. The specific hypothesis that was investigated was: Trust, as measured by Jourard's Questionnaire for measuring trust between subjects and experimenter, and matched facilitator- subject predicates are positively related. The subjects used to test this hypothesis were 63 undergraduate students drawn from classes at Ball State University. Each subject was randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The subjects in each group were interviewed by a facilitator. The purpose of the structured interview was to build trust. Experimental facilitators received training in matching predicates of whatever representational systems the subjects used in their natural language. Predicates are words that indicate in which sensory modality an experience has been internally recorded in the brain. Thus, experimental facilitators were trained to listen for predicates, identify which representational system was indicated by the various predicates, and match their predicates to subject predicates. The training consisted of practice in identifying predicates visually and then auditorily, and orally matching various representational systems. Experimental facilitators demonstrated the matching of predicates, with interrater reliability found to be .94. Control facilitators, screened for their absence of knowledge of the Bandler and Grinder model, used the same interview questionnaire and whatever other method they chose in order to establish trust. Following the interview both groups completed the Questionnaire for measuring trust between subjects and experimenter. The data were subjected to a five- way analysis of variance. The major hypothesis failed to be rejected at the .05 level of confidence. Experimental subjects did not disclose differentially from control subjects. Several recommendations for further study were made.

Grzebieniak, John F.: The relationship between selected Jungian personality types as determined on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and their preferred use of sensory predicates as described by Bandler and Grinder. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(4) 989- A University of Pittsburg, 122 pp. Order = DA8318201, 1982.Abstract: The specific problem addresses by this research was: Does a relationship exist between certain personality types as determined on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and their use of sensory referenced predicates as described by Bandler and Grinder? The rationale for this research was that since the MBTI was a reliable test of differing styles of perception and evaluation, a corresponding difference in sensory predicate use could be expected from each personality type if such predicate use denoted particular modes of cognitive processing of experience as hypothesized by Bandler and Grinder. The research method included: (1) selecting four primary judgmental personality types determined on the MBTI; (2) administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to all of the subjects -- the TAT protocols were then scored for predicate use; (3) Correlating the MBTI preference strength scores of each personality type and attitude type with their scoring predicates. The research results were: (1) no statistically significant correlations were found between the personality types' scores and their use of sensory referenced predicates. (2) A statistically significant negative correlation between introverts' scores and their use of kinesthetic predicates was found. The positive and negative directions of all the correlations generally supported certain theoretical expectations of the research. The conclusions of this research must be considered relative to certain methodological problems; however, the results do slightly suggest certain relationships between reliable measures of perception and evaluation and corresponding predicate use patterns. A supplemental analysis of "predicate use" mean scores suggested a particular use pattern in the population.

68. Gumm, W.B.; Walker, M.K.; Day, H.D.: Neurolinguistic Programming: method or myth?

Gumm, W.B.; Walker, M.K.; Day, H.D.: Neurolinguistic Programming: method or myth? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(3), 1982.Abstract: The preferred modality by which 50 right-handed female college students encoded experience was assessed by recordings of conjugate eye movements, content analysis of the subject's verbal report, and the subject's self- report. Contrary to the predication of the theory of neurolinguistics programming (NLP), kappa analyses failed to reveal any agreement of the three assessment methods. In addition, each assessment method was shown to be biased toward revealing a particular representational modality. The application of certain principles of NLP in counseling settings was therefore questioned.

69. Hagstrom, Garis C.: A microanalysis of direct confrontation psychotherapy with schizophrenics: using Neurolinguistic Programming and Delsarte's system of expression.

Hagstrom, Garis C.: A microanalysis of direct confrontation psychotherapy with schizophrenics: using Neurolinguistic Programming and Delsarte's system of expression. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(10) 4192-B California School of Professional Psychology, 1981, 187 pp. Order = DA8207545.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct an in-depth analysis of Direct Confrontation Psychotherapy in an attempt to describe the methods associated with this approach. The investigation involved a microanalysis of verbal, paralanguage, and nonverbal processes occurring between patient and therapist during four treatment sessions. By completing a microanalysis using the three modes of communication it was possible to observe treatment sessions in such a way that they could be described in conjunction with the theoretical framework. The question on which this study was based is: What is Direct Confrontational Psychotherapy with schizophrenics, and how is it done? In order to address this question the study analyzed the communicative behavioral patterns between patient and therapist during the course of psychotherapy. Four psychotherapy sessions were videotaped of a chronic schizophrenic and direct confrontation psychotherapist (Jack Rosberg, founder of this approach) beginning with the first therapy session, followed by sessions 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years later. The communication patterns during the four stages of psychotherapy between patient and psychotherapist were analyzed by two independent observers. Since only three of the four stages were present in the single case study, three additional videotaped segments of other patients were analyzed. The verbal content was analyzed using Neurolinguistic Programming's method of identifying complete or incomplete sentence structure, using the general mechanisms of generalization, deletion, and distortion. The paralanguage was analyzed by breaking down the intonation, determined by pitch; the rate, determined by stress and phrasing; and loudness, determined by the level of intensity and the use of vocal dynamics. The nonverbal communications were analyzed using Delsarte's system of movement expression. Observations of the head, torso, and limbs were recorded; these included gestures and facial expressions. A synthesis was then made in conjunction with theoretical formulations of Direct Confrontational Psychotherapy as they applied to the four sessions. The results indicated interpersonal communicative changes in the schizophrenic patient over the 2-year period, while the therapist remained consistent. Changes in the schizophrenic patient's verbal content revealed a more varied use of complete sentences, more dynamic use of paralanguage, and a more integrated use of nonverbal movement expressions. The methods used by the psychotherapist was described in relation to the theory of Direct Confrontation Psychotherapy. This study was the first complete theoretical and descriptive representation of Direct Confrontation Psychotherapy.

70. Hale, Richard L.: The effects of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) on public speaking anxiety and incompetence.

Hale, Richard L.: The effects of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) on public speaking anxiety and incompetence. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(5), pp 2167 Drake University, 93 pp. Order =DA8617682, 1986.Abstract: Public speaking anxiety and incompetence are common problems for individuals of all ages and social status. While there are procedures documented in the literature which effectively reduce public speaking anxiety and increase performance quality, the treatments can be costly and time consuming. The developers of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) claim their techniques are effective in treating phobias in general and speech phobia in particular, and that such treatment can take place in one session. These claims have not been scientifically tested.Description:PROCEDURE: Eight introductory psychology students identified as having speech anxiety and incompetence were repeatedly assessed during three or four speech and measuring sessions with behavioral, subjective, and physiological measures. After one baseline speech and measurement session for six subjects, and two baseline sessions for two subjects, four subjects received treatment for their speech problems with NLP and four received treatment with Rogerian oriented therapy designed to be a placebo treatment. For six subjects, the treatment conditions were reversed for the next session, while for two subjects the same treatment was repeated with one receiving two sessions of NLP and one receiving two sessions of insight therapy.

71. Hammer, Allen L.: Language as a therapeutic tool: the effects on the relationship of listeners responding to speakers by using perceptual predicates.

Hammer, Allen L.: Language as a therapeutic tool: the effects on the relationship of listeners responding to speakers by using perceptual predicates. Dissertation Abstracts International 41 (3), 991-A Michigan State University, 149 pp. Order = 8020705, 1980.Abstract: The relationship between counselor and client is an important element of successful counseling. The tasks of understanding the client and communicating that understanding are vital components of the therapeutic relationship. It was suggested that the focus of understanding be the process by which clients model their world. In explicating the process of modeling, the concept of representational system was introduced. Due to the limits on the capacity of the nervous system to process information, sensory data are grouped into patterns or representations, such as images. There is a representational system associated with each of the 4 sensory modalities; the focus of this study, however, was limited to the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic systems. For the purpose of aiding in perception and memory functions, labels denoting the modality of the representation are stored along with the information itself. These labels manifest in speech as perceptual predicates, for which the prototypes are `see`, `hear` and `feel` and/or `touch` for the visual, auditory and kinesthetic systems, respectively. In communicating their experience people access at least one representational systems, and the perceptual predicates in their speech signify which representational system is in consciousness at the time of speaking. For ethical and practical reasons an interview situation with trained counselors as interviewers was used for the experimental setting instead of actual counseling sessions. Based upon the series of assumptions above, it was hypothesized that an interviewee would perceive a high degree of empathetic understanding in an interviewer when the interviewer responded with perceptual predicates implying the same representational system being employed by the speaker. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential effects on perceived empathy of interviewers responding to speakers with either similar of dissimilar perceptual predicates. A posttest only control group design with two factors was employed. The Treatment factor consisted of two levels representing the similar predicates and dissimilar predicates response conditions. An Interviewer factor was included as a control variable with three levels corresponding to the three interviewers. The sample consisted of 88 female students who volunteered to be interviewed about dormitory or sorority life. Students were randomly assigned to the six cells of the design. The dependent measure employed was a revised version of the perceived empathy scale from the Barret-Lennard Relationship Inventory. A 2x3 fixed effects analysis of variance model was used to test the three hypotheses: One each for the Treatment and Interviewer factors and one for the two- way interaction. All hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance. The hypothesis testing revealed a significant difference between the two treatment response conditions. The difference was in the expected direction with those students in the similar predicates condition rating their interviewers higher on perceived empathy than those students in the dissimilar predicates condition. No significant difference was found among interviewers nor was the interaction significant. The two treatment response conditions accounted for 8.41% of the variance in the dependent variable. The Treatment and Interviewer factors together explained 9.6% of the total variance in perceived empathy. Descriptive statistics revealed that the students used about twice as many auditory and kinesthetic predicates as visual predicates. The type of perceptual predicates used by an interviewer in responding to a student had a significant impact on the relationship. Language can be an effective tool when used to understand a speakers representational system and then communicate that understanding through perceptual predicates.

72. Haynie, Nancy A.: Systematic Human Relations Training with Neurolinguistic Programming.

Haynie, Nancy A.: Systematic Human Relations Training with Neurolinguistic Programming. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(7), 2286-A University of Georgia, 151 pp. Order = DA8228694, 1982.Abstract: Systematic Human Relations Training (SHRT: Gazda et al., 1977) was studied in a pretest- posttest control group design that compared the traditional format, SHRT with new materials from Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) concepts, and the control group. Two hundred eighteen undergraduate students in the college of Education at the University of Georgia participated in the study in the fall and winter quarters of 1980-81. Students met in small groups of six to 12 people with a graduate student skilled in teaching interpersonal communication techniques and processes. Each group received the same lesson content based on detailed plans developed by the SHRT trainers. Half of the students received a cognitive learning style exercise as part of the course content. The hypothesis of the study was that the addition of NLP concepts and materials would increase the facilitative skills of undergraduate students in SHRT. The criterion tests were the Index of Responding against the Global Rating Scale of facilitative responding from Gazda (1973). All of the four groups who received SHRT made significant and parallel gains in facilitative communication skill as compared to the control group which received no training. The results also showed that the thirty minute intervention exercise of mapping the students' cognitive learning style was not additive to the training. A less time- consuming exercise for introducing the sensory modalities as a basis for understanding NLP was recommended. NLP did not add nor detract from the training significantly. The students who received the cognitive style mapping and NLP with their SHRT perceived the training as significantly less helpful to them as prospective teachers than did those students who did not receive both interventions. However, the new material was incorporated into significant achievement levels for all of the training groups.

73. Heap, Michael: Neurolinguistic programming - an interim verdict. in: Hypnosis: Current clinical, experimental and forensic practices.

Heap, Michael: Neurolinguistic programming - an interim verdict. in: Hypnosis: Current clinical, experimental and forensic practices. (Michael Heap, Ed.), pp. 268-280. Croom Helm, London, England; xii, 436 pp., 1988.Abstract: The author presents an empirical review of studies of NLP's central assumptions (existence of a primary representational system indicated by predicates and eye movements, effectiveness of primary representational system matching). He concludes that the effectiveness of NLP therapy undertaken in authentic clinical contexts of trained practitioners has not yet been properly investigated and predicts that if these claims fare no better than the ones already investigated then the final verdict on NLP will be a harsh one.

74. Helm, David Jay: Neurolinguistic Programming: equality as to distribution of learning modalities.

Helm, David Jay: Neurolinguistic Programming: equality as to distribution of learning modalities. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 17(3), pp. 159-160, 1990.Abstract: This study substantiates the premise that a racial and sexual equality exists in the arena of Neurolinguistic Programming when visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning modalities are examined. It is imperative that the educators of the 1990's go forward with no bias in the pragmatic or the theoretical. This study assists in eliminating barriers and negative agendas. On file at Creative Growth Unlimited, 510 W. Union Street, Newark, NY 14513

Helm, David Jay: Neurolinguistic Programming: gender and the learning modalities create inequalities in learning: a proposal to reestablish equality and promote new levels of achievement in education. Journal of Instructional Psychology; Sep Vol 18(3) 167-169, 1991.Abstract: Examined among 298 men and 132 women (aged 18- 45 yrs) (1) whether differences exist between the grades achieved as to the learning modalities (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and various combinations) and (2) whether differences exist between sexes as to the grades achieved in the learning modalities. Ss were evaluated for 2 yrs using an eye movement chart developed according to neurolinguistic programming principles. The auditory Ss scored lower and the kinesthetic-auditory Ss scored higher. Overall, the kinesthetic (or kinesthetic combinations) Ss attained the highest grade averages, with visual Ss an overall second. The average for female Ss was higher in all but the auditory modality. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

76. Hernandez, Vivian O.: A study of eye movement patterns in the Neurolinguistic Programming model.

Hernandez, Vivian O.: A study of eye movement patterns in the Neurolinguistic Programming model. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(4), 1587-B Ball State University, 149 pp. Order = 8120505, 1981.Abstract: This study was designed to experimentally examine a major tenet of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), developed by Bandler and Grinder (1975- 1981), by investigating some of their basic premises concerning eye movement patterns. Specifically, the primary focus of this study was to test the level of agreement between sensory-specific statements (visual, auditory and kinesthetic in nature) and the postulated corresponding eye movement patterns. The subjects in this study were 64 undergraduate students from Ball State University. The subjects were volunteers, and these individuals represented various academic majors. The sample consisted of 44 women and 20 men, ranging in age from 18 to 51. There were 57 whites and seven blacks. The subjects were individually tested by an experimenter and were read 24 experimental statements (visual, auditory, kinesthetic and non- specific in nature), which were developed by the investigator. The eye movements of the subjects were recorded on videotape and later scored by three independent raters. Each rater scored all 64 subjects. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using the index Kappa, and the agreement ranged from .66 to .88. A one-sample test of proportions was used to determine whether agreement between each system-specific statement and associated eye movement categories was the result of chance occurrence or if agreement was indeed more frequent than chance. The main hypothesis formulated was designed to investigate the agreement between visual, auditory and kinesthetic system- specific statements and subsequent eye movement patterns as described by Bandler and Grinder. There were 24 experimental statements. Eighteen of the statements were specific (six visual, six auditory, and six kinesthetic) and six of the statements were non- specific. Agreement between the statements and the associated eye movement pattern was tested. Five of the six hypotheses relating to the agreement between visual system-specific statements and visual eye movement patterns were found to be significant at the .05 level. Three of the six hypotheses relating to the agreement between auditory system-specific statements and auditory eye movement patterns were found to be significant at the .05 level. None of the hypotheses between kinesthetic system- specific statements and kinesthetic eye movements were found to be significant at the .05 level. Support was thereby found for agreement between some eye movement patterns and sensory- specific statements. Recommendations for further study were formulated.

77. Hildebrand, Britta; Nolting, Wilhelm: A training based on NLP designed to improve perception and nonverbal communication - development and first evaluation

Hildebrand, Britta; Nolting, Wilhelm: A training based on NLP designed to improve perception and nonverbal communication - development and first evaluation University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, Master thesis, 1992.Abstract: Die Arbeit setzt sich zum Ziel, das auf der Basis von NLP konzipierte Training "Verfeinern der Wahrnehmung" in einer ersten Evaluation zu untersuchen. Das übergeordnete Forschungsinteresse gilt dabei der empirischen Überprüfung der Trainingseffektivität in bezug auf die Ziele des Trainings: Sensibilisierung der visuellen Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit für nonverbale Hinweisreize anderer. Erweiterung spezifischer Fertigkeiten nonverbaler Sensibilität, Vermeidung von Inkongruenz und Förderung allgemeiner sozialer Fertigkeiten. Zunächst wurde das Training auf dem theoretischen 'Hintergrund von NLP als Modell menschlicher Erfahrung und Kommunikation sowie der Forschung zu nonverbaler Kommunikation und Wahrnehmungs- fähigkeit konzipiert und die Trainingsziele definiert. Zwei neue Meßinstrumente wurden entwickelt. 1. Videotest "Nonverbale Sensibilität- Visuelle Wahnehmung" (NvS-VW), 2. die Skala "Nonverbale Sensibilität- Selbsteinschätzung" (NvS-SE). die Operationalisierung von Inkongruenz und allgemeine sozialen Fertigkeiten erfolgte mittels der SM- Subskalen "Inkonsistenz" (SM-I) und "Soziale Fertigkeiten (SM-F), die von KAMMER & NOWACK (1983) entwickelte deutsche Version der Self- Monitoring-Skala. Die Trainingseffektivität wurde mit einem Prä- Posttest-Design mit unbehandelter Kontrollgruppe überprüft. Die Probanden war 49 Studenten an verschiedenen Bildungseinrichtungen. Die Experimentalgruppe bestand aus 21 Personen mit 11 Frauen und 10 Männern, die Kontrollgruppe aus 28 Personen mit 15 Frauen und 13 Männern. Im Prätest wurden die visuelle nonverbale Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit, spezifische Fertigkeitnen nonverbaler Sensibilität, Inkongruenz und allgemeine soziale Fertigkeiten erhoben. Die Probanden der Ex.- Gruppe nahmen an dem Training, "Verfeinern der Wahrnehmung" teil, während die Kontrollgruppe Kurse ohne Kommunikationsthematik besuchten. Abschließend wurden die Probanden mit einem Posttest untersucht, der mit dem Prätest identisch war. Die Befunde zeigen insbesondere eine genauere Wahnehmung für die Kategorien "Gesicht" und "Kopf" sowie für die nonverbalen Signale der Augen und des Mundes und eine verbesserte Wahnehmung für die NLP- Augenbewegungsmuster, im besonderen für die Augenpositionen Vk, Ve, Ak und Aid nach dem Training gemessen durch das Nvs-VW. Mittels der NvS-SE konnte die Erweiterung spezifischer Fertigkeiten der nonverbalen Sensibilität für eigenes und fremdes Verhalten als weiteren Trainingseffekt nachgewiesen werden. Inkongruenz (erhoben mit der SM-I Skala) wird durch das Training vermindert; TeilnehmerInnen, die sich im Prätest inkongruenter einschätzten, nach dem Training das niedrigere Inkongruenz der Kontrollgruppe erreichten. Die Erweiterung allgemeiner sozialer Fertigkeiten durch das Training konnte mittels der SM- F - Skala nicht nachgewiesen werden. Da die SM-F-Skala keine Wahrnehmungsfertigkeiten mißt, lassen sich keine endgültigen Aussagen über den ERwerb von Sozialen Fertigkeiten durch das Training. Die TeilnehmerInnen der Ex- Gruppe zeigten höhere Inkongruenz im Prätest als die Ko-Gruppe. In der Ex-Gruppe wurden für einzelne Items der SM-Subskale "Inkonsistenz" Zusammenhänge mit dem Gesamtwert der SM-Subskala "Sozaile Fertigkeiten im Prä- und Posttest gefunden. Für die Ex-Gruppe weisen einige Items der Skala SM-I einen Anteil auf, der Sozialen Fertigkeiten zugerechnet werden kann. Dieser Fertigkeitenanteil scheint Inhaltlich mit Wahrnehmungssensibilität und Variabilität im Verhalten zusammenzuhängen. Insgesamt wurde die Effektivität des NLP- Trainings "Verfeinern der Wahrnehmung" in wesentlichen Trainingszielen empirisch nachgewiesen.

78. Hill, Edwin L.: An empirical test of the Neurolinguistic Programming concept of anchoring.

Hill, Edwin L.: An empirical test of the Neurolinguistic Programming concept of anchoring. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(7), 2246-B Washington State University, 126 pp. Pub. = AAC8325468, 1983.Abstract: Recently an intuitively appealing new model of human behavior called Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) was developed. The model refers to each sense as a representational system and claims that people tend to develop preferences for processing information primarily through one or another representational system. These preferences are labeled as primary representational system (PRS). According to NLP, people will understand best, and be most sensitive to, information that is presented to them in the same modality as their PRS. Also, according to NLP, whenever two events occur in close temporal sequence, they will be perceived to be associated and the association formed will occur in one trial. The association is called an anchor relationship and each event is referred to as an anchor. After the relationship is formed, each time one of the anchors occurs the other will be automatically evoked. The NLP model also asserts that anchor relationships are best formed, and learning is best achieved, when anchors correspond to a person's PRS. To empirically test these assertions, the present study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, PRS assessment instruments were developed and evaluated for use in selecting subjects for phase two. In the second phase, equal numbers of subjects with auditory and visual PRSs were identified and asked to participate in a free recall memory paradigm. The memory paradigm utilized anchor cues that were presented with words during word list presentation and without words during recall. The anchor cues were either matched or mis- matched to subjects' PRS. It was predicted that recall performance would be better when anchors were PRS- matched than when they were PRS- mismatched. The results did not support the prediction. No interaction effects were found for PRS, indicating that matching anchors to subjects' PRSs had no effect on recall. Possible reasons for the lack of statistical support for the predictions were that (1) the NLP model is not valid and (2) that due to poor PRS assessment instruments, anchor cues were never correctly PRS-matched. It was concluded that reliable and valid PRS assessment methods must be developed before conducting further investigation on NLP assertions.

79. Hillin, Harvey H., Jr.: Effects of a rapport method & chemical dependency workshop for adults employed in Kansas service agencies.

Hillin, Harvey H., Jr.: Effects of a rapport method & chemical dependency workshop for adults employed in Kansas service agencies. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(12), 3574-A Kansas State University, 135 pp. Order = DA840761x, 1982.Abstract: Effects of a sensory based rapport method and chemical dependency workshop on knowledge and sentiments of adults employed in Kansas social service agencies were studied. The rapport method experimental group experimental group would not have significantly higher mean scores than controls, on measures of chemical dependency course knowledge, sentiment toward the experimental trainer, or sentiments about the workshop's usefulness; that they would not rate the experimental method trainer significantly higher than the seven control trainers; that all subjects would not score significantly higher on the knowledge posttest, than on the pretest, and that age, sex, job category, and education would have no main interactive effects on the three criterion measures (knowledge, usefulness of workshop, or sentiment toward trainer). Data was pooled from four deliveries of the course in Topeka and Kansas City during 1982. An accessible sample of 79 subjects (59 women and 20 men) employed in Kansas Service Agencies of Topeka, and Kansas City, participated in 50 hours of course instruction over a five week period. The participants were randomly assigned to either experimental or control conditions. Forty experimentals and 39 controls completed the workshop, from an original sample of 42 experimentals and 45 controls, resulting in an attrition rate of controls that was three times higher than that of the rapport group experimentals. Analysis of variance revealed significantly higher mean scores for the rapport group over controls on measures of workshop usefulness and sentiment toward the experimental trainer, and no significant difference on the course knowledge post test. Significant main effects of education and age were noted on the course knowledge post test. Although no demographic variables were interactive with the experimental rapport method on the course knowledge post test or usefulness of the workshop measure, three variables (education, sex, and job category) were interactive with the rapport method on sentiment toward the experimental trainer. A t- test for related samples indicated a significantly higher (p<.0005) course knowledge post test mean over the pre test mean for all subjects. An effect size (.0287) of superiority of the rapport method over the control (traditional) instruction method was noted. Subjects rated the experimental rapport method trainer significantly higher, on an analysis of variance, than all seven control trainers (p<.001).

80. Hischke, Darrell Linn: A definitional and structural investigation of matching perceptual predicates, mismatching perceptual predicates, and Milton-model matching.

Hischke, Darrell Linn: A definitional and structural investigation of matching perceptual predicates, mismatching perceptual predicates, and Milton-model matching. Dissertation Abstracts International 49(9), p. 4005.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the definition of matching perceptual predicates by comparing subjects' responses to three counselor responses: matching perceptual predicates, mismatching perceptual predicates, and Milton-model matching. Matching perceptual predicates was defined as the counselor using process which indicated the same sensory code used by the client. Mismatching perceptual predicates refers to the counselor responding to the client with words indicating a different sensory code than the client. Milton- model matching was defined as the counselor responding to the client's use of perceptual predicates with nonspecific predicates. Two presumptions of the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model were supported by the results that the subjects responded to matching perceptual predicates, mismatching perceptual predicates, and MIlton-model matching as separate counselor responses within the two dimensional space. One presumption was that subjects can discriminate between counselor responses that indicate same versus different sensory codes. The other presumption was that subjects can discriminate between counselor responses that indicate nonspecific versus perceptual predicates.

81. Holdevici, Irina: Neurolinguistic programming: a form of mental training in high-performance shooting.

Holdevici, Irina: Neurolinguistic programming: a form of mental training in high- performance shooting. Revue Roumaine des Sciences Sociales, Serie de Psychologie; Jul-Dec Vol 34(2) 169-173, 1990.Abstract: Discusses the use of neurolinguistic programming (NP) in psychological preparation of sportsmen engaged in high-performance shooting. A mental training procedure that included NP techniques combined with relaxation and breathing exercises is outlined. The method was used effectively in the training of the Romanian Olympic shooting team. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

82. Hueber, Raimund J.: Nonsmoker by hypnosis? Evaluation of a training based on hypnotherapy.

Hueber, Raimund J.: Nonsmoker by hypnosis? Evaluation of a training based on hypnotherapy. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis, 1997.Abstract: Nach einer kurzen Darstellung zur Epidemiologie und Diagnostik der Nikotinabhängigkeit werden die chemische Zusammensetzung des Nikotin und seine Resorption im Körper erläutert. Anschließend wird die Frage der addiktiven und selbstregulierenden Nikotinaufnahme diskutiert. Es folgen Erläuterungen zu den Wirkungen des Nikotins sowie der Schadstoffe und Gessundheitsschäden des Tabakrauchs. In einem Kapitel zu psychologischen Ansätzen zur Erklärung des Rauchverhaltens wird auf psychoanalytische, dissonanztheoretische, verhaltenstheoretische und funktionale Ansätze sowie neuere Stufenmodelle eingegangen. Schließlich folgt ein Überblick über Untersuchungen zu den Methoden der Raucherentwöhnung. Dabei werden die Methoden der Selbstentwöhnung, Akupunktur, medikamentöse Behandlung und Nikotinsubstitution berücksichtigt. Es folgt eine ausführliche Darstellung verhaltenstherapeutischer Methoden und des Verfahrens der sensorischen Deprivation. Im Kapitel zu hypnotherapeutischen Methoden liegt der Schwerpunkt auf einer Darstellung theoretischer Konzepte zur Hypnose sowie bisheriger Untersuchungen zu hypnotherapeutischer Raucherentwöhnung. Danach werden Untersuchungen zu Prädiktoren der Raucherentwöhnung geschildert. Es finden soziodemographische Variablen sowie die Prädiktoren Abhängigkeitsgrad, funktionale Aspekte, gesundheitliche Beschwerden, soziale Unterstützung, Motivation, gesundheitsspezifische Kontrollüberzeugungen, Selbstkontrolle, Streß und der hypnotherapeutische Prädiktor Suggestibilität Berücksichtigung. Das Ziel der anschließend berichteten Studie bestand in einer Evaluation des von der GEK durchgeführten Raucherentwöhnungskurses mit Hypnose und NLP. Dabei sollten die Wirksamkeit dieses Kurses und Prädiktoren der Abstinenz ermittelt werden. Zusätzlich sollten körperliche Wirkungen des Raucherentwöhnungskurses sowie Veränderungen nach dem Kurs erhoben werden. Drei Monate nach dem Kurs waren 58,7% von 121 untersuchten Kursteilnehmern abstinent sowie 6,3% von 33 Mitgliedern einer Wartekontrollgruppe. Die beiden Gruppen waren nicht randomisiert, unterschieden sich aber bis auf das Alter nicht bezüglich soziodemographischer, prädiktiver und symptomspezifischer Variablen. Die Abstinenzrate der Hypnosegruppe nach drei Monaten verringert sich auf 30,6%, wenn ein striktes, konservatives Kriterium zugrundegelegt wird und die Personen, die beim zweiten Mal keinen Fragebogen zurücksandten, als nicht Abstinente klassifiziert werden. Die telefonische Befragung sieben Monate nach Kursende ergab eine Abstinenzrate von 36,4% und von 28,1%, wenn die nicht erreichten Kursteilnehmer als abstinent kategorisiert werden. Erfolgreiche Kursteilnehmer berichteten signifikant mehr positive körperliche Veränderungen als nicht erfolgreiche und eine bedeutend häufigere Gewichtszunahme. Die besten Prädiktoren der Abstinenz waren ein reduziertes Rauchverlangen nach dem Kurs, ein nichtrauchender Partner, eine geringe Anzahl rauchender Personen im sozialen Umfeld sowie höheres Alter. Veränderungen zwischen den ersten beiden Erhebungszeitpunkten sind in erster Linie auf Meßwiederholungseffekte zurückzuführen.

83. Ingalls, Joan S.: Cognition and athletic behavior: an investigation of the NLP principle of congruence.

Ingalls, Joan S.: Cognition and athletic behavior: an investigation of the NLP principle of congruence. Dissertation Abstracts International 48(7), 2090-B Columbia University Teachers College, 158 pp. Order = DA8721125, 1987.Abstract: Theoretically, the development of effective performance enhancement techniques for athletes may be facilitated by evidence supporting the validity of a quick and accurate means of determining which sensory systems athletes use to regulate their performance. NLP provides a model for making this assessment that is based on the assumption that eye movements and predicates are related. Prior studies testing this assumption failed to provide supportive evidence. Possibly, in these studies, synesthesia patterns in subjects' responses confounded the determination of subjects' eye movements and predicates. In the present study which also tests the NLP assumption, synestheses were identified and used to determine subjects' eye movement/predicate patterns. Interviews with nine subjects were videorecorded. The data from eight of those subjects were analyzed. The representational systems of the predicates they uttered were systematically assigned to eye movements. In this process various methods were used by the investigator and a trained rater to eliminate bias and obtain interrater reliability. The analysis of the data included comparison of eye movements/predicate patterns derived from deliberate self-reports. The eye movement/predicate patterns formed by at least fifty percent of the spontaneous responses of four of the eight subjects indicated a relationship between eye movements and predicates. Three subjects made predominantly upward eye movements and one subject displayed no discernible pattern. The results are considered from several points of view. Considered from the point of view of an empirical test, they are supportive of the NLP assumption; however, considered from a theoretical point of view, a model which provides an explanation of any result, as does the NLP model with the concept of synesthesia, obviates the data that does not support the model. Future tests of the NLP assumption which considers the effects of synesthesia may use a hermeneutic paradigm. The validity and reliability of self- reports of subjects is examined. Also, the usefulness of comparing the results of spontaneous responses with those from deliberate self-reports is discussed.

84. Johannsen, Clifford A.: Predicates, mental imagery in discrete sense modes, and levels of stress: the Neurolinguistic Programming typologies.

Johannsen, Clifford A.: Predicates, mental imagery in discrete sense modes, and levels of stress: the Neurolinguistic Programming typologies. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(8), 2709-B United States International University, 207 pp. Pub. = AAC8229638, 1982.Abstract: The Problem: The problem which this study addressed was whether the sense mode (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory and olfactory) implications of predicates in a standard interview could be validated as indicators of representational systems by subject reports of mental imagery in those same sense modes. This study further addressed the validity of the assertion that restricted sensory maps of reality can be found among persons experiencing high levels of stress.Description:Method: Twenty-two individuals participated in the study. Data were secured from a standard interview, the Survey of Mental Imagery, the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire, and a short demographic survey. The study hypothesized that (1) there would be no significant positive relationship between predicates and tests of mental imagery in the five sense modes, and (2) there would be no significant differences between high and low stress groups when compared on the extent to which the predicates and imagery of each manifested reliance on relatively fewer senses. Hypotheses were tested for significant convergence with product moment correlations, and for differences with two-by- five analyses of variance.

85. Johnson, Kenneth D.: Eye positions and associated mental activity as determined by sensory-based words spoken.

Johnson, Kenneth D.: Eye positions and associated mental activity as determined by sensory- based words spoken. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(8), 2691-B Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities, 119 pp. Pub. = AAC8425708, 1983.Abstract: This research examined a general association and six specific associations between eye positions and verbalizations indicating particular types of mental activity. The eye position model used in this study was similar to the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model developed by Bandler and Grinder (1975-1983). Videotaped eye movements/positions (line of sight in regard to their body) of the 15 male and 15 female subjects were scored by a principle rater. These judgments were compared with those of a second rater for randomly selected portions of each subject's session. Interrater agreement (86%) was assessed by percent of agreement in the nine noted eye positions (center, up, up- right, right, down-right, down, down- left, left, and up-left). Scoreable units were eye positions (except center, up, and down) and associated word types (visual "construction", auditory "construction", bodily sensations, auditory "digital" memory, auditory "tonal" memory, and visual memory). The main hypothesis stated an association between eye positions and sensory- based words spoken. An analysis of the total scorable units for all 30 subjects yielded a p<.0001, a one-sample test of proportions for all six hypothesized associations yielded a p<.0001, and an analysis using the modal values of eye positions for each word-type also yielded a p<.0001. Thus the main hypothesis was strongly supported. The six specific hypotheses for eye-position/word-type combinations were supported by the latter two analyses of the main hypothesis. They were also supported by a null hypothesis stating that the modal values would be three times the expected proportion of one-sixth. This analysis indicated a failure to reject this null hypothesis at alpha=.1. Thus all of the hypotheses were supported. "Normal" and "reversed" eye movement/position patterns were an important discrimination in this study. The effect of this phenomenon was discussed with regard to other eye movement/position studies. A major consideration of this study was the implications of the eye movement/position phenomenon for psychotherapy.

86. Jupp, James J.: Neurolinguistic Programming: an experimental test of the effectiveness of "leading" in hypnotic inductions.

Jupp, James J.: Neurolinguistic Programming: an experimental test of the effectiveness of "leading" in hypnotic inductions. British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis; Sum Vol 6(2) 91-97, 1989.Abstract: Neurolinguistic programmers claim that most individuals have a preferred (primary) representational system (PRS) which may be in the visual, auditory or kinaesthetic sensory modalities. They suggest that primary systems can be assessed by observation and categorization of eye movements following questions. Programmers propose that hypnotic inductions which focus first on primary modalities and then on other modalities, substantially enhance hypnotic responsiveness (utilization). This proposition was investigated using separate samples of subjects assessed as having visual, kinaesthetic or auditory primary systems who were first tested on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Suscetibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) and then on procedures which employed hypnotic inductions designed to lead them from their primary systems to other systems. Test, re-test HGSHS:A behaviour responsiveness and hypnotic depth estimates were available from a control group. The effects of induction on re- test responsiveness and depth were examined. The results did not support neurolinguistic programming propositions about the effects of tailored inductions.

87. Jupp, James J.: A further empirical evaluation of neurolinguistic primary representational systems (PRS).

Jupp, James J.: A further empirical evaluation of neurolinguistic primary representational systems (PRS). Counselling Psychology Quarterly; Vol 2(4) 441-450, 1989.Abstract: Neurolinguistic programmers claim that eye movement and other assessment (usually of verbal predicates in spoken language) of PRS (the favored system for processing sensory data) converge to define the same system. In this artifact-controlled study with 190 psychology and counseling students, PRS assessed by including or excluding first and last eye movements following questions were not systematically associated with counterpart sensory- specific questioning. There is little evidence other than from neurolinguistc workshops that supports the reliability of convergent assessments of PRS that identify individuals' preferred ways of experiencing the world. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

88. Kelberman, Paula May: Observational drawing: a comparative study of two sensory-based instructional approaches.

Kelberman, Paula May: Observational drawing: a comparative study of two sensory-based instructional approaches. Dissertation Abstracts International 49(6), p. 1351, 1988.Abstract: Observational drawing has been a mainstay in the arts community for decades. Inherent in the process of learning to draw from observation is the utilization of one's senses. Although many techniques have been developed for enhancement of adult skills, the use of obsevational drawing for young children has been an area of disagreement. Early researchers determined that children draw what they know rather than what they see. Research with last twenty-five years challenged the existing model. The new research has directed attention toward complexity of childrens drawing. Researcgers are currently re- evaluating the cognitive and artistic components of obsevational drawing for young children. This study sought to address two questions conserning observational drawing for children. The first area of interest is whether young children draw from observation. The second area of interest is the effect of sensory-based instruction on the art products. A quasi- experimental design was developed to investigate these questions. Six classes in two schools were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Group One served as control, Group Two received sensory-based instruction based on Nicolaides' "The Natural Way to Draw", and Group Three received sensory-based instruction based on the techniques of Neuro- Linguistic Programming. The findings of the study indicate that young children do draw from observation. All 500 art products evaluated by two judges were recorded as drawn from observation. The analysis of data pertaining to sensory- based instruction revealed that choice of object, school, and sex of participant were important variables. In one school, the NLP treatment affected time on tasks. The NLP group maintained interest and drew for longer periods of time. The results of this research suggest that the use of observational drawing for young children is a viable, appropriate technique for the elementary school art curriculum. The findings support the theoretical framework that approaches the task of observational drawing for children as a multi- faceted process, taking into account perceptual and cognitive development in addition to the development of artistic skills.

89. Konefal, Janet; Duncan, Robert C.; Reese, Maryann: Neurolinguistic programming training, trait anxiety, and locus of control.

Konefal, Janet; Duncan, Robert C.; Reese, Maryann: Neurolinguistic programming training, trait anxiety, and locus of control. Psychological Reports; Jun Vol 70(3, Pt 1) 819- 832, 1992.Abstract: Examined within-person and between-group changes in trait anxiety and locus of control as measured on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. Ss were 27 men and 30 women participating in a 21-day residential training program in neurolinguistic programming. Significant within-person decreases in trait- anxiety scores and increases in internal locus of control scores were observed as predicted. Results confirm the effectiveness of neurolinguistic programming in lowering trait anxiety and increasing the sense of internal control. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

90. Koziey, P.; McLeod, G.: Visual-kinesthetic dissociation in treatment of victims of rape.

Koziey, P.; McLeod, G.: Visual-kinesthetic dissociation in treatment of victims of rape. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18(3), Jun pp. 276-282., 1987.Abstract: In this report a visual-kinesthetic (V-K) dissociation procedure of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) was used in treating rape-induced anxiety and phobic reaction in two 18- and 19-year- old rape victims. NLP theory suggests that anxiety reactions experienced by rape victims is a function of the interrelated processes of synesthesia and anchoring. In these two case reports, the use of the V-K dissociation technique is explored. From this preliminary basis, further research entailing the use of this treatment procedure is suggested. Implications for clinical practice are noted.

91. Kraft, William A.: The effects of primary representational system congruence on relaxation in a Neurolinguistic Programming model.

Kraft, William A.: The effects of primary representational system congruence on relaxation in a Neurolinguistic Programming model. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(7), 2372-B Texas A & M University, 95 pp. Pub. = AAC8226101, 1982.Abstract: Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) is a relatively new meta- model of human behavioral organization and change. The NLP meta-model states that both verbal and non- verbal communications represent underlying sensory experience. Further, humans will tend to develop and use a predominantly visual, auditory, or kinesthetic sensory system, or primary representational system (PRS), in communicating their experiences with others. One NLP meta- tactic designed to enhance therapeutic influence involves matching a person's PRS with congruent therapeutic suggestions. This study tested the effectiveness of this meta- tactic on one frequently desired therapy outcome -- relaxation. Thirty-six subjects, 18 males and 18 females, were classified as to PRS by the predominant use of visual, auditory, or kinesthetic predicates (verbs, adverbs, adjectives) in response to six reflective questions. The three PRS groups consisted of 12 subjects each, balanced for sex. Individual subjects were then exposed to three different PRS relaxation tapes over a period of three consecutive days. Sequence effects were counterbalanced. A split-plot, repeated measures research design was used to analyze change scores on three response measures: electromyographic recordings taken from the right frontalis muscle; the A-state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; and a semantic-differential- type relaxation scale. No main effect differences were found for the PRS groups or PRS relaxation tape factors. One significant interaction between groups and tape conditions on the relaxation scale also proved to be inconsistent with the NLP model. A discussion of methodological and related issues follow. Given the complexities of testing a meta- model such as NLP, the unreliable findings from adjunctive research areas, and the paucity of available research on the NLP model, implications of this study and speculations regarding the overall model are difficult to assess. Disparate research findings are discussed in terms of possibilities for future study.

92. Krim, M . J.: Stability and inter rater reliability of visual accessing cues.

Krim, M . J.: Stability and inter rater reliability of visual accessing cues. Winteler, A. UnivBW Fak SOWI, Dissertation, 1983.Abstract: Specific patterns of eye movement in response to internal sensory processing have been outlined by Bandler und Grinder in their model of Neurolinguistic Programming. The aim of this study was twofold, first to investigate the accuracy and stability of their model by recording and rating subject's eye movements in response to specific sensory questions. The second area of investigation was to determine if different raters observing these visual accessing cues would be homogeneous in their ratings. Twenty- five females and five males, responding to a solicitation form, were selected as subjects for this study. Each was asked twenty-one sensory specific questions and, then, at least three days later, asked another twenty- one sensory specific questions. Their responses were recorded via videotape. Three raters viewed the videotape and recorded the direction of eye movement for all questions using numbers that were assigned to the seven eye movement directions. A Freedman two way analysis of variance was performed on each of the three snesory modalities to determine stability. Chi Square tests of homogeniety were calculated to assess inter rater reliability. The conclusions demonstrate that, using an alpha level of .10, inter rater agreement is statistically significant for all three sensory specific question groups. As for the eye accessing cues supporting the NLP model, the results are more complex. The seven individual accessing directions were grouped together in their major sensory modality. Therefore, the visual and auditory modalities each consisted of three separate directions of eye movement while the kinesthetic modality consisted only of one direction. The study demonstrated statistical significance for accepting the hypothesis concerning visual and auditory accessing but not for kinesthetic accessing. Considerations are entertained as to whether visual and auditory hypothesis would be as significant if they were broken into and analyzed in their component parts.

93. Krugman, Martin; Kirsch, Irving; Wickless Cynthia: NLP treatment for anxiety: magic or myth?

Krugman, Martin; Kirsch, Irving; Wickless Cynthia: NLP treatment for anxiety: magic or myth? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychologie 53 (4) 526- 530, 1985.Abstract: The Neuro- Linguistic Programming treatment for anxiety, claimed to be a single- session cure for unpleasent feelings, was compared with self- control desensitization of equal duration and a waiting-list control group in treating public speaking anxiety. 55 speech-anxious undergraduates underwent pretreatment and posttreatment assessments of anxiety during 4-min speeches. the results indicate that neither treatment was more effective in reducing anxiety than merely waiting for 1 hour. these data suggest that Bandler and Grinder’s (1979) claim for a single-session cure of anxiety may be unwarranted.

94. Lange, David E.: A validity study of the construct `most highly valued representational system` in human auditory and visual perceptions.

Lange, David E.: A validity study of the construct `most highly valued representational system` in human auditory and visual perceptions. Dissertation Abstracts International 41 (11) 4266-B Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 80 pp. Publication = AAC8110420, 1980.Abstract: Bandler and Grinder (1975) proposed the construct `most highly valued representational systems` to describe auditory, visual, and kinesthetic perceptual orientations among individuals. They set forth a predicate method for determining an individual's primary representational system (PRS). Contrary to Bandler and Grinder's construct, experimental evidence consistently supports the principle of visual dominance among humans. In order to test the effectiveness of Bandler and Grinder's constructs, 221 volunteers were screened by an alternate predicate method. 22 subjects were selected as 'highly auditory' and 19 subjects were selected as 'highly visual'. These 41 subjects were asked to give their first impressions to 75 simultaneous, audio- visual presentations of letters, numbers, and words. Twenty-five of the simultaneous presentations were discrepant. Subjects were then individually interviewed. Their verbal responses to standardized questions were tape recorded. Four questions were examined. (1) Do the verbs, adverbs, and adjectives expressed by subjects in their taped interviews yield discrete classifications of primary representational systems by Bandler and Grinder's predicate method? (2) Do the predicate- method classifications correlate with the screening classifications derived by the alternate predicate method? (3) Do predicate-method classifications indicate whether individuals will make auditory of visual responses to the twenty- five discrepant presentations of auditory and visual stimuli? (4) Will subjects classified as auditory or visual respectively resort to auditory or visual responses with greater frequency as task and stimulus difficulty are increased over the five series of discrepant stimulus presentations? Predicate tabulations indicate that the majority of individuals could not be effectively classified by Bandler and Grinder's predicate method. A point biserial correlation was performed using the auditory and visual screening classifications and the proportion of auditory predicates expressed during the experimental interviews. No relationship was found between the two methods of classification. Attentional responses were analyzed by a 2x5 repeated measures ANOVA. No significant relationships were found between predicate- method classifications and responses to the discrepant stimulus presentations. Though a significant interaction resulted, the pattern of the means across the five tasks was not the pattern predicated. There was no significant relationship between predicate-method classifications and attentional responses across increasingly difficult tasks. The major finding of the study was a visual dominance effect. Thirty- six of the thirty-seven subjects responded more frequently to the visual stimuli than to the auditory stimuli on discrepant presentations. 92% of the possible 925 responses were visual, supporting the generalizability of the visual dominance principle to an experimental paradigm in which televised linguistic symbols are presented without measuring the reaction times of subjects' responses as in previous studies. This further evidence for visual dominance in human perceptions casts doubt on the constructs of Bandler and Grinder, but reasserts the importance of future research relating conscious attentional mechanisms to the ways visual perceptions gain control of these mechanisms.

95. Lehner, Andrea: Changing the perspective of subjectivly obese clients by participation in an Easy Weight seminar.

Lehner, Andrea: Changing the perspective of subjectivly obese clients by participation in an Easy Weight seminar. Lehner Andrea, Wöhrdstr. 18, 93059 Regensburg, 1994.Abstract: Unter der Annahme, daß sich konkrete Veränderungen nur in Verbindung mit der Veränderung der subjektiven Krankheitstheorie ergeben können, richteten sich die Fragen auf das Ziel herauszufinden, welche Veränderungen die Frauen subjektiv als besonders hilfreich für die Problembewältigung empfanden bzw. einschätzten. Die Veränderungen, die die Frauen bei sich wahrnahmen, wurden strukturiert und zusammengefaßt unter folgenden Punkten: Körperwahrnehmung: von der objektiven zur subjektiven Ursache des Leidensdruck, Bedeutungskonzept: von der psychischen Störung zur psycho- physiologischen Funktionsfähigkeit, Ursachenvorstellung: vom konstruierten zum im Erleben begründetenKonzept, Gewichtsziel: von der Normorientierung zur Orientierung am psychischen und körperlichen Wohlbefinden, Problemlösen: von der Bedürfnisunterdrückung zur Bedürfnisakzeptanz. Obwohl sich bei keiner der Frauen eine wesentliche objektive Gewichtsveränderung ergab, verbesserte sich bei allen Interviewten die emotionale Situation, das Körpergefühl und das Eß- und Bewegungsverhalten. Zusätzlich ergab sich bei den Frauen durch die verstärkte Selbstwahrnehmung zunehmende Therapiebereitschaft. Diese Diplomarbeit kann bei der Autorin Andrea Lehner, Wöhrdstr. 18 93059 Regensburg, Tel./Fax.: 0941 / 51240 gegen einen Umkostenbeitrag von DM 25,- + Porto angefordert werden.

96. Liberman, Marla Beth: The treatment of simple phobias with Neurolinguistic Programming techniques.

Liberman, Marla Beth: The treatment of simple phobias with Neurolinguistic Programming techniques. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(6), St. Louis University, 86 pp. Pub. = AAC8418664, 1984.Abstract: This study represents the first experimental test of the effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) techniques in ameliorating phobic behavior and attendant fear and discomfort. Twelve subjects meeting the DSM-III criteria for Simple Phobia were recruited by referral and advertisement in local newspapers of Middlesex County, New Jersey. Treatment was evaluated in a pretest-posttest control group design. The experimental (NLP) treatment involved the imaging of scenes related to feelings of the phobias from a dissociated position of subject watching viewer watching actor. The control procedure involved the imaging of pleasant scenes. All subjects were treated for two sessions within one week, each lasting less than one hour. Subjects were evaluated at pretest, posttest and three week follow-up with measures of approach to phobic stimuli, fear of approach to graded phobic stimuli, in vivo or in vitro (fear thermometer), discomfort, general symptomatology (SCL- 90R), global fears (FSS- III) and with self-report questionnaires. Subjects were administered a test of hypnotic susceptibility (SHSS) and received a final self-report form two months posttreatment. The NLP treatment was demonstrated to be effective in reducing phobic behavior and subjective distress, and was superior to the control condition in improving approach behavior and in reducing fear, discomfort and the intensity of a wide range of symptoms. Hypnotic susceptibility was not significantly related to any dependent measures at pretest, posttest, or follow-up. Treatment outcome compared favorably with more conventional treatments and speculations about possible critical factors and mechanisms of action were discussed. Positive Results.

97. Lippert, Almut: An experiment testing the eye movement hypothesis of NLP by presenting emotionally relevant stimuli and measuring reaction times.

Lippert, Almut: An experiment testing the eye movement hypothesis of NLP by presenting emotionally relevant stimuli and measuring reaction times. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis, 1997.Abstract: Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung sollte ein neues Design zur Untersuchung des NLP- Augenbewegungsmodells entwickelt werden. Dies schien sinnvoll, da die bisher vorliegenden Studien zu diesem Thema methodische Schwächen aufwiesen.Description:Dazu sollte die Augenbewegung nicht länger als abhängige Variable gemessen, sondern als unabhängige Variable variiert werden können. Dieses war möglich, indem Stimuli am PC in die Bildschirmecken projiziert wurden, so daß die Probanden zum Lesen entsprechende Augenbewegungen ausführen mußten. Um zu verhindern, daß die Versuchspersonen den Kopf statt nur die Augen bewegten, wurde eine Kopfstütze verwendet. In Anlehnung an die Experimente zum "affective priming" wurde als abhängige Variable die Reaktionszeit für einfache emotionale Wortbeurteilungen gemessen. Dazu wurden drei Aufgaben konstruiert, bei denen Wörter hinsichtlich der "Valenz" und der "Erregung" im semantischen Differential von Osgood (1962) beurteilt werden sollten. Die Hypothese lautete, daß die durchschnittlichen Reaktionszeiten für emotionale Wortbeurteilungen schneller sein müßten, wenn die Personen dabei nach unten rechts in die "kinästhetische" Position schauten, im Vergleich zu den anderen im NLP- Modell formulierten Augenbewegungen. An der Untersuchung nahmen 24 Männer und 24 Frauen teil. Entgegen der Hypothese trat, vor allem bei den Männern, ein umgekehrter Augenpositionseffekt auf, da die Reaktionszeiten bei der Beurteilung der Valenz an der Position rechts unten hochsignifikant höher waren. Bei der weiteren Analyse zeigte sich, daß bei den männlichen Teilnehmern nur diejenjgen langsame Reaktionszeiten aufwiesen, die berichteten, die Aufgaben emotionell gelöst zu haben. Die jenigen, die schneller reagierten, gaben andere, nicht emotionelle Strategien an. Das heißt, daß die gefühlsmäßige Bearbeitung bei Männern länger dauert als andere Entscheidungsformen. Übertragt man diese Ergebnisse auf das NLP- Modell, so legt dies die Vermutung nahe, daß Männer an der "kinästhetischen" Augenposition unten rechts deswegen so langsam reagierten, gerade weil sie, im Gegensatz zu den übrigen drei Positionen eine gefühlsmäßige Entscheidung getroffen haben. Weitere Forschung ist zur endgültigen Klärung dieser Ergebnisse notwendig.

98. MacMorran, Paula R.: Brief treatment for disturbing memory: a Neurolinguistic Programming submodality procedure.

MacMorran, Paula R.: Brief treatment for disturbing memory: a Neurolinguistic Programming submodality procedure. Dissertation Abstracts International 48(7), 1710-A 1711-A University of Tennessee, 90 pp. Order = DA8721287, 1987.Abstract: Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) claims for quick and permanent relief from the unpleasant affect associated with a disturbing memory were tested by examining several subject-rated, and one counselor- rated, measure of improvement following a submodality treatment procedure. The NLP submodality treatment group scores were compared to the scores of an attentional control group (ACG) of subjects who received light trance. Two experienced licensed psychologists who are experts in NLP procedures and trance induction administered both treatments. Sixteen male and twenty-eight female adults from a large protestant church volunteered to participate in the experiment which included a Target Complaint Discomfort Box Scale administered pre-and post- treatment and at 2 weeks post- treatment. Other dependent measures were the Client Post- Therapy Questionnaire, which was administered immediately post- treatment and 2 weeks follow-up; the counselor- rated Global Improvement Rating Scale; and the Counselor Rating Form (Short Form), which were each administered only immediately post- treatment. There were significant differences (p<.05) in the participants' ratings of "change as a result of treatment" in favor of the NLP submodality procedure. The NLP group also scored significantly higher (p<.05) on a measure of "satisfaction with treatment" than did the ACG. Differences on the counselor-rated Global Improvement Rating Scale made the strongest contribution to the significance of the multi- variate main effect. No other significant differences were found on any of the remaining dependent measures. As well, no significant differences were found between the two therapists, using the Counselor Rating Form (Short Form) immediately post- treatment and for the 2 week follow-up analysis. The results of this study provide partial support for the predictions made, in that the NLP submodality participants did report that they experienced change and that they were more satisfied with their treatment significantly more than the ACG. NLP claims for permanent cure were not supported. Incidental findings from a procedural check bring into question an a priori assumption of this study that people do, in fact, want to "feel better" about a disturbing memory. These findings further bring into question the accuracy of the participants' self- reporting of "improvement" with paper and pencil measuring tools. Several suggestions for future research are included.

99. Macroy, Thomas D.: Linguistic surface structures in family interaction.

Macroy, Thomas D.: Linguistic surface structures in family interaction. Dissertation Abstracts International 40(2), 926-B Utah State University, 133 pp. Order = 7917967, 1978.Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation was to determine the usefulness of the linguistic processes of distortion, deletion, generalization, and semantic ill-formedness as constructs which differentiate the verbal communication of families who express dissatisfaction with their current intrafamilial relationships from families expressing satisfaction with their current relationships. Specifically, it was hypothesized that dissatisfied families would use these linguistic structures to a greater extent in their interaction than would satisfied families. Thirty- one family triads (father, mother, and child) were obtained by asking families randomly selected from the local high school student directory to participate. The families were given a Revealed Differences Questionnaire which they subsequently discussed together and a questionnaire regarding their satisfaction with their intrafamilial relationships. The discussions were recorded and transcribed. Each of 150 Surface Structures (a complete thought, usually a grammatical sentence) per family was scored for 11 subcategories of Distortion, Deletion, Generalization, and Semantic Ill- Formedness. Interrater reliabilities ranged from .86 to .98. A mean was computed for the questionnaire pertaining to satisfaction with family relationships. Six families who scored at least one half standard deviation below the mean comprised the "dissatisfied" family group, and six families who scored at least one half standard deviation above the mean comprised the "satisfied" family group. It was found that the dissatisfied families used significantly more Deletion (p<.01) than the satisfied families. Results for the other categories were in the expected direction but did not attain statistical significance. It was further found that the mothers and children in dissatisfied families obtained a significantly greater ratio (p<.05) of dysfunctional language structures per surface structure than did mothers and children in satisfied families. Finally, three sets of 50 consecutive surface structures were compared to determine if the occurrence of each of the categories of dysfunctional language structures was consistent over the 150 surface structures which had been scored. It was found that dissatisfied families as a group did not differ in consistency from satisfied families as a group although individual families in either group varied widely. The linguistic process of Deletion is theorized to result in impoverishing the speaker's model of the world and the behavioral choices available to the speaker. Similarly, the listener(s) who must respond to the impoverished model is limited in his response and behavioral options. Since all members of the dissatisfied families used this form of language, they perpetuate the impoverishing model of the world and the limitations on their behavior. It was concluded that, while not establishing an etiologic link between the use of Deletion and family dissatisfaction, Deletion is part of the current verbal interaction of families who express dissatisfaction. Further research involving families in which a member is symptomatic is warranted based on the findings of this study. Language may provide at least one form of explanation regarding the process by which families maintain homeostasis in the face of symptom development. The use of linguistic concepts shows promise as an intermediate link in family interaction theory as well as a form of intervention available to therapists.

100. Macy, Charlotte M.: Counselor training and supervision: Neurolinguistic Programming as a factor in skills acquisition.

Macy, Charlotte M.: Counselor training and supervision: Neurolinguistic Programming as a factor in skills acquisition. Dissertation Abstracts International 48(10), 2543-A Purdue University, 205 pp. Order = DA8729767, 1987.Abstract: This study was conducted in order to assess the relationship between type of training/supervision received by 23 students enrolled in a university counseling practicum experience and their measured skills performance at the beginning, mid-point, and end of the practicum in the Summer and Fall semesters of 1983. Counselor subjects were rated by faculty on their level of functioning at the beginning of the practicum, using a laboratory rating form judged to be highly related to Gazda's Global Scale (1977). They were assigned randomly to the experimental or comparison groups, where in addition to standard supervision, they were provided either training in Neurolinguistic Programming or a placebo in use of Metaphor. Three judges rated audio-tapes of counseling sessions submitted after first, mid- point, and final counseling sessions. The judges used Gazda's Global Scale (1977) and the Counseling Strategies Checklist (Hackney and Nye, 1973) for their ratings. Three instruments were used to assess counselor-client relationships and client growth as a result of counseling. The Rational Behavior Inventory (Whitman and Shorkey, 1978) and the Q-Sort (Rogers and Dymond, 1954) were administered prior to the first session, and clients responded to the Counselor Evaluation Inventory II immediately following that session. Readministrations were performed following the mid-point and final sessions. Hypotheses were: (1) Type of supervision, initial level of functioning, and time have an interactive effect; (2) In the absence of interaction, there is a main effect of type of supervision. Effects were measured by the five instruments at the .05 level of significance. The hypotheses were not accepted at the .05 level. Further research ideas were suggested, given that a .25 level of significance was found.

101. Malloy, Thomas E.; Mitchell, Christine; Gordon, Oakley E.: Training cognitive strategies underlying intelligent problem solving.

Malloy, Thomas E.; Mitchell, Christine; Gordon, Oakley E.: Training cognitive strategies underlying intelligent problem solving. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64, p. 1039-1046, 1987.Abstract: Cognitive strategies underlying excellent performance of intelligent people in the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test were used to develop a teaching package. 24 subjects in a Cognitive Strategies group were trained using this teaching package. An Exposure group of 17 subjects were not trained but solved all the examples of the puzzles in the package. A Control group, with 13 subjects, received no intervention. Subjects were pre- and post- tested on matrix solving ability and were post- tested on a Piagetian multiplicative classification task. The Cognitive Strategies group showed the greatest improvement pre- to post-tested, followed by the exposure group and then the Control group. The Cognitive Strategies group was superior to both control on the Piagetian task, indicating a broad improvement in cognitive functioning.

102. Mather, Bruce D.: The effects of representational system predicates on relaxation.

Mather, Bruce D.: The effects of representational system predicates on relaxation. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(4), 1222-B Ball State University,110 pp. Pub. = AAC8315162, 1983.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate experimentally a theoretical aspect of Bandler and Grinder's Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model. The specific purpose of this study was an attempt to determine the effect of presenting relaxation directions to subjects by utilizing four different representational systems: overlapping representational system predicates, visual representational system predicates, kinesthetic representational system predicates, and auditory representational system predicates. One NLP concept is that people relate to the world around them through one of five sensory modalities: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, or gustatory. Bandler and Grinder proposed that people specialize so that one of the systems becomes their primary representational system (PRS), or most favored system. Bandler and Grinder claim that a PRS can be determined by listening carefully to the predicates used in the person's natural language, observing eye- movement patterns, and through self- report. Bandler and Grinder speculate that communication is enhanced when people communicate utilizing matched predicates. "Overlapping" predicates (presenting predicates from two or more representational systems in temporal and structural proximity) purportedly expands an individual's communication channels. This expansion purportedly makes available more options for problem solving and for communicating in a more congruent manner. The subjects were individuals enrolled in professional military education classes at the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) Academy located at Kapaun Air Station, West Germany. Prior to the experiment 64 subjects from a pool of 71 subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. When a subject was eliminated from the study another subject was selected from the remaining pool of subjects and assigned to the treatment condition. In all, 51 males and 13 females completed the experiment. Four female experimenters were randomly assigned subjects such that each experimenter tested an equal number of subjects under each of four conditions. The order of testing was randomly assigned, thus experimenters did not know under which condition they were testing. An associate experimenter was used to greet the subjects at their appointed time and to administer a pre- experiment questionnaire. [NOTE: the author's abstract exceeded stipulated maximum length. It was discontinued at this point with permission of the author.]

103. Mattar, Alan T.: Primary representational systems as a basis for improved comprehension and communication.

Mattar, Alan T.: Primary representational systems as a basis for improved comprehension and communication. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(8), 3162-B Utah State University, 177 pp. Pub. = AAC8104113, 1980.Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation was to determine the usefulness of primary representational systems (PRS) as a basis for improved comprehension and communication. Primary representational systems were discussed as being cognitive representations of experience which are revealed through auditory (A), visual (V), or kinesthetic (K) language. Specifically, this study tested Bandler and Grinder's assumption that an identified A, V, or K individual would better comprehend a communication which contained predicates representative of that individual's PRS. Comprehension was operationalized into general information (GI) and specific predicate usage (SPU) segments to isolate possible group differences on this dimension. A total of 80 volunteers were screened from undergraduate psychology courses in order to determine individuals' PRS. The PRS was determined by each individual's preference for either A, V, or K predicates on a taped language sample. No A individuals were identified and this category was subsequently dropped from the study. Twenty identified "visuals" and 20 identified "kinesthetics" were randomly assigned to either the V or K experimental conditions. These experimental conditions consisted of a test of comprehension given over a role- played, taped therapy session using primarily either V or K predicates. Kuder- Richardson reliability for the V and K tests of comprehension was .52 and .70 respectively. It was found that the V and K groups did not differ in their overall comprehension of V and K taped therapy sessions. These groups did differ, however, when the type of comprehension (GI or SPU factor) was considered. Specifically, it was found that V individuals comprehended V SPU questions better than K individuals and that K individuals comprehended K SPU questions better than V individuals. It was also noted that V individuals were relatively worse at comprehending K SPU questions than K individuals were at comprehending V SPU questions. These findings were discussed in the context of their potential utility in the psychotherapeutic domain. A speculative discussion was offered which suggested language as the mechanism of psychotherapeutic commonality. Future research directions were suggested among which was the possibility of using the visual and tactual- kinesthetic mediums more in psychotherapeutic communication.

104. Matthews, William J.; Kirsch, I.; Mosher, D.: Double hypnotic induction: an initial empirical test.

Matthews, William J.; Kirsch, I.; Mosher, D.: Double hypnotic induction: an initial empirical test. Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol. 94(1), 92-95, 1985.Abstract: Students experienced audiotapes of a standard hypnotic induction and a double induction similar to that described by Bandler and Grinder(1975). Subjects heard a hand levitation induction through the contralateral ear of the dominant cerebral hemisphere and simultaniously grammatically childlike messages through the other ear. Half of the subjects experienced the double induction first.

105. Mercier, Mary Ann; Johnson, Marilyn: Representational system predicate use and convergence in counseling: Gloria revisited.

Mercier, Mary Ann; Johnson, Marilyn: Representational system predicate use and convergence in counseling: Gloria revisited. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 161- 169, 1984.Abstract: The transcripts of the film series, "Three Approaches to Psychotherapy" (Shostrom, 1966), were analyzed for counselor and client representational system predicate use. Satisfactory interrater reliabilities were demonstrated. The three therapy interviews were compared on this one aspect of Bandler and Grinder's (1979) Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). Although different patterns of predicate use emerged for the three types of psychotherapy represented in the study, only limited support for NLP theory was found. However, when each therapeutic dyad's use of language was studied from a transactional and sequential perspective, a pattern of mutual accomodation or convergence was found for each of the dyads. The findings of different patterns of predicate use were related to the concepts of convergence and concerted action. On file at Creative Growth Unlimited, 510 W. Union Street, Newark, NY 14513

106. Moine, Donald: A psycholinguistic study of the patterns of persuasion used by successful salespeople.

Moine, Donald: A psycholinguistic study of the patterns of persuasion used by successful salespeople. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(5), 2135- B University of Oregon, 271 pp. Order = 8123499, 1981.Abstract: The lingusitic forms of influence used by eight life insurance salesmen were studied. Four of the salesmen were the top producers in their companies, and the other four, matched on background variables, were evaluated as "average" producers. A 45-minute long cassette recording of each salesman's work was analyzed for frequency, chronology, and style of usage of linguistic patterns of persuasion which have been previously identified in the work of master hypnotists (Bandler & Grinder, 1975, 1975a, 1979). Fourteen other highly-successful salespeople, working in real estate sales, luxury automobile sales, and investment (stocks, commodities, and trust deed) sales were studied in a less formal way for their usage of these linguistic patterns of influence. A reliability study was conducted on the coding system which was developed to analyze the 45- minute long audio tapes. The first 10 minutes of each tape was used to determine intercoder reliability. The mean number of linguistic patterns identified in each 10- minute tape segment was 574; the range was 421 to 787. The mean level of agreement between coders was 84.3 percent, using conservative scoring conventions. The level of agreement between coders ranged from 72.4 percent to 89.5 percent. In the discussion of the significance of the reliability study, additional scoring conventions are presented which are expected to raise intercoder reliability in future studies of this type. The interaction between salesperson and customer is described in terms of a cybernetic model, exhibiting feedback, redundancy, and homeostasis. The majority of the salespeople studied used almost all of the linguistic patterns of influence, but the patterns were found to be utilized in significantly different ways and at different times by the highly- successful salespeople and the less-successful salespeople. Linguistic patterns of confusion, selectional restriction violations, and linguistic patterns of suprise were used rarely by top salespeople and were almost never used by less-successful salespeople. Less- successful salespeople were found to use more comparative deletions, phrases lacking referential indices, conjunctive leading statements, opinion- pacing statements, response-potential building patterns, superlative deletions, and unspecified verbs than did highly-successful salespeople. Highly- successful salespeople were found to employ anchors and tonality shifts, attention-focusing statements, imbedded commands, adverbial leading statements, cause-effect leading statements, metaphors, mind- reading patterns, modal operators of necessity, modal operators of possibility, and statements pacing mood, objections, observables, and predicate usage with greater frequency than that shown by less- successful salespeople. Highly-successful salespeople were found to begin their sales presentations with a predominance of nonspecific language patterns. As s/he collected information on the customer, and as s/he paced the cognitive maps and experience of the world of the customer, more specific language patterns were then utilized by the successful salesperson to elicit desired responses in the customer. The findings of this study further indicate that the stronger linguistic forms of influence are utilized by top salespeople in the middle and close of the sales interaction, after they have first built rapport and trust with the customer through the use of pacing statements. Less- successful salespeople were found to maintain a high- frequency usage of nonspecific language patterns throughout the sales interaction. They were also found to use certain strong linguistic forms of influence relatively early in the sales interaction, possibly endangering rapport with the customers. Implications and significance of the findings are examined, and suggestions are presented for future research concerning how we, as human beings, understand and are influenced by certain psycholinguistic patterns of persuasion.

107. Monguio Vencino, Ines; Lippman, Louis G.: Image formation as related to visual fixation point.

Monguio Vencino, Ines; Lippman, Louis G.: Image formation as related to visual fixation point. Journal of Mental Imagery; Spr Vol 11(1) 87-96, 1987.Abstract: Investigated the inner coordinates hypothesized by the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) theory for the retrieval of images. 16 right- handed undergraduates were presented medium- high or medium-low imagery words while fixating on either of 2 points, corresponding to NLP's Visual- Construct or Auditory- Remembered coordinates. In the 1st stage of the study, Ss rated the intensity of evoked visual images; in the 2nd, latency of image formation was measured. The experiment was replicated with 33 Ss, introducing some modifications to eliminate bias. Results show identical effects of word imagery. Because eye fixation was unrelated to formation of imagery, the validity of a crucial assumption of NLP theory was brought into question, along with its relation to rapport - building.

108. Muss, D. C.: A new technique for treating post-traumatic stress disorder.

Muss, D. C.: A new technique for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, p.91-92, 1991.Abstract: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are notoriously difficult to treat. The need for a simple, easily reproduceable technique, that could in activate the repetitive intrusive imagery of the traumatic event, prompted the trial of a technique originally devised for phobias. Includes diagnostic criterias for PTSD.Description:Behandlung des PTSD mittels der "re-wind" Technik, die auf Bandlers schneller Phobiebehandlung aufbaut. Die Ergebnisse waren überzeugend,. Nach dem Treatment fühlten ein Großteil der Befragten starke Erleichterung, andere bemerkten zunächst keine Veränderung. Nach einer Woche fühlten sich alle wohl, nach 3 Monaten bis zwei Jahren waren alle (N=15) symptomfrei.

109. Nagel, Ulrike; Ellgring, Heiner: Mental imagery and eye movement.

Nagel, Ulrike; Ellgring, Heiner: Mental imagery and eye movement. Max-Planck-Institut of Psychiatry and Social Psychology, 1985.Abstract: A study to test the Bandler und Grinder (1979) hypothesis concerning the relationship between eye movements and cognitive processes. The eye movements of 20 male and 10 female subjects where videotaped while they where asked to produce different images (visually remembered, visually constructed, auditorily remembered. auditorily constructed, auditory, and kinesthetic). The eye movements where coded according within a circle with 8- segments. The results did not substantiate the Bandler & Grinder hypothesis. Only the auditorily remembered and the auditorily constructed images showed massed horizontal movements, but not in the predicted directions. Visually remembered images caused more "stares". These were assumed to be associated with problem simplicity.

110. Newton, Eylar L.: The effect of verbal pacing on self-disclosure and trust of interviewer.

Newton, Eylar L.: The effect of verbal pacing on self-disclosure and trust of interviewer. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(4), p. 1615.Abstract: This study was designed as an empirical test of the verbal pacing component of Bandler and Grinder verbal pacing model. It was an analogue study in that neither clients nor an actual clinical setting were employed. The research asked three questions. Did the use of verbal pacing produce increased trust of an interviewer? Did the use of verbal pacing elicit an increased willingness to self- disclose? Did the use of verbal pacing produce more self disclosure than not pacing? 31 students, 22 female 9 male undergraduates. No effects were found.

111. Owens, Lee F.: An investigation of eye movements and representational systems.

Owens, Lee F.: An investigation of eye movements and representational systems. Dissertation Abstracts International 38(10), 4992-B Ball State University, 158 pp. Order = 7803828, 1977.Abstract: The primary focus of this research was to examine that portion of the model for psychotherapy developed by John Grinder and Richard Bandler in their 1976 book, "The Structure of Magic II", concerned with internal representational systems. Specifically, the study was designed to investigate the relationship between reflexive eye movement patterns, verbalizations, and individual self- report as measures of representational systems. This comparison was made to determine if the three variables would demonstrate significant agreement as predictors of internal representational systems. Students in undergraduate psychology courses in two different departments of a large midwestern university were solicited as subjects for this research. One hundred and twenty-eight individuals participated in the study. Those individuals who participated represented various age groups and academic majors. In this study subjects served as their own controls. Four hypotheses were formulated to investigate the probability of various combinations of eye movements, verbalizations, and individual self-reports as predictors of representational systems. The author developed nine stimulus cues for subject response. Six cues required no verbal response and were used for eye movement rating only. The remaining three cues were responded to verbally and provided both eye movement and verbalization ratings. Each subject was individually rated on eye movements and verbalizations by different raters. A frequency count procedure was utilized in rating each individual's eye movements and verbalizations. The most frequently occurring system was classified as the primary representational system of these variables. At the completion of the study, each individual provided information on his or her primary representational system through use of a short questionnaire developed by the author. The representational system rated as number one on the self-report questionnaire was classified as the primary representational system for individual self- report. The results of all ratings were classified as either visual, kinesthetic, or auditory and then compared to the variables. Statistical analyses were carried out to determine if there was a significant agreement (p<.05) between the variables. Analysis of the results indicated one significant finding. The most reliable means of determining representational systems in this study was through a combination of observing eye movements and listening to the predicate system most frequently used in the verbalizations of an individual. This method was more reliable than observing eye movements and obtaining an individual's self-report; or listening to the most frequently used predicate system and obtaining an individual's self-report; or observing eye movements, listening for the most frequently used predicate system, and obtaining an individual's self-report. The combination of observing eye movements and listening for the most frequently used predicate system was statistically significant. All other combinations mentioned failed to reach statistical significance.

112. Birholtz, Laura S. (1981) Neurolinguistic Programming: testing some basic assumptions.

Birholtz, Laura S.: Neurolinguistic Programming: testing some basic assumptions. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(5), 2042-B The Fielding Institute, 131 pp. Pub. = AAC8118324, 1981.Abstract: This dissertation investigates the use of verbal predicates to determine whether persons tend to exhibit preferred modes of expression that correspond to the concepts of preferred modes of representation asserted by Bandler and Grinder. This dissertation also tests the implied assumption that these preferred modes of expression are stable: over time; over reports of positive and negative experiences; and over reports of past, present and future experiences. Also tested was the Bandler and Grinder assumption that of the five identified modes, the three most often identified will be visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. In addition, five exploratory questions were asked:(1) will predicate usage indicate a least preferred mode of expression? (2) will an easily administered self- report questionnaire produce the same categorization of preferred mode as the categorization by predicates? (3) will preferred and least preferred modes of expression be related to personality characteristics? (4) will the addition of nouns to the predicates change the categorization of modes of expression? (5) will the categorization of preferred modes of expression be changed when based on obviously determined predicates as opposed to being based on predicates checked for use in context? Twenty- seven college students were exposed to a two- track audio tape. On the tape were six stimulus questions. The students' responses were recorded on the same tape. One week later, they were exposed to another tape with six similar but different stimulus questions. On the third week, the subjects were given the California Personality Inventory. On the fourth week, the subjects were given a self-report questionnaire. Results indicated that, in the population tested, people have a deliberate preference for words that reflect one sensory category more than another. However, in the population tested, all subjects identified as having a preferred mode had a kinesthetic preferred mode. These subjects showed stability over time; over reports of positive and negative experiences; and over reports of time reference: past, present, and future experiences (p<.001). The self- report questionnaire produced negative results, indicating there was not a match between categorization by predicates and categorization by self- report. There were nine significant correlations between personality characteristics and proportion of predicates used. Five of the nine positive correlations were between the proportion of auditory predicates used and the CPI measures of Well Being (Wb), Socialization (So), Achievement via Conformance (Sc), and Intellectual Efficiency (Ic). The common thread running through these scales are descriptions of people who tend to be seen in similar ways. The three most often identified modes were visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. These three modes accounted for nearly 100 percent of the predicates used. When determining preferred modes of expression, it was determined that including nouns did not affect categorization. Also, there was no difference in categorization of preferred modes when words were checked for use in context and when they were not.

113. Palubeckas, Aurelia J.: Rapport in the therapeutic relationship and its relationship to pacing.

Palubeckas, Aurelia J.: Rapport in the therapeutic relationship and its relationship to pacing. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(6), 2543-B 2544-B Boston University School of Education, 127 pp. Order = 8126743, 1981.Abstract: This research study examined the relationship of the pacing behaviors of direct mirroring, cross- over mirroring, auditory tempo mirroring, auditory tonal mirroring, predicate- predicate mirroring, and predicate- eye mirroring to the development of initial therapeutic rapport. Pacing was defined as the matching or "mirroring" by a therapist of a client's nonverbal, paralingual, and verbal behaviors, and was postulated to be a highly effective behavior in the initiation and maintenance of rapport in a therapeutic relationship. This study limited itself to an exploration of the relationship of the absolute frequency of these six pacing behaviors to the establishment of initial rapport. To examine the relationship of pacing, as measured by scores for direct mirroring, cross-over mirroring, auditory tempo mirroring, auditory tonal mirroring, predicate- predicate mirroring, and predicate-eye mirroring to subject perceived rapport in the initial therapeutic relationship, the research design of this study utilized a relatively unstructured interview which attempted to simulate an initial psychotherapeutic consultation. Twenty interviews of 20 undergraduate psychology students were conducted by 20 therapists of varying degrees of experience, after which the subjects completed the Anderson and Anderson Interview Rating Scale. The rating scale provided an operational definition of rapport for the study, and produced a score which measured the degree of subject- experienced rapport as an effect of therapist pacing behaviors. The videotapes of these 20 interviews were rated by trained raters to determine the absolute frequency of each of the six pacing behaviors for each therapist-client dyad. Analysis of the scores for the interviews, as measured by Pearson product moment correlation coefficients, showed statistically significant correlations for predicate- eye mirroring and perceived rapport, and for total pacing exhibited and perceived rapport. Correlations were not statistically significant for the relationships between perceived rapport and the degree of clinical experience, the degree of subject's awareness of pacing behaviors and perceived rapport, and the degree of clinical experience and the degree of pacing behaviors demonstrated. The findings of this study, then, support the following conclusions. Pacing as exhibited by non-verbal, paralinguistic, and verbal mirroring of a client's behaviors results in an initial sense of rapport experienced by a client which seems to foster an atmosphere conducive to the development of a deeper therapeutic relationship. An important element of pacing may be predicate-eye mirroring, but further investigation of the relationship between each of these pacing behaviors and between each of these behaviors and rapport is necessary. The type of clinical training and length of clinical training do not appear to be significant factors in determining the degree of pacing which occurs, nor do they seem to be significant elements in determining the degree of rapport which results in an initial therapeutic interview. This conclusion suggests, perhaps, that certain natural abilities to pace may outweigh the influence of training on the ability to effectively pace another individual in any communication. This data also suggests the importance to clinicians of attention, congruence in communication, and integration of new learnings into a "natural" psychotherapeutic style as goals of training.

Pantin, Hilda M.: The relationship between subjects' predominant sensory predicate use, their preferred representational system and self-reported attitudes towards similar versus different therapist-patient dyads. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(7), 2350-B University of Miami, 97 pp. Pub. = AAC8229208, 1982.Abstract: The present study addresses several issues raised by Neurolinguistic Programming's (NLP) conceptualizations of the function of individual differences in preferred sensory predicate usage. One hundred twenty-four subjects completed the necessary procedures for inclusion in the present study. A language sample was obtained for each subject. This language sample was transcribed and coded with regard to the number and type (auditory, visual, kinesthetic, olfactory, gustatory, and neither) of predicates employed. The first NLP proposition studied is that a subject's language behavior can be characterized by a predominant preference in sensory modality of predicates utilized. Based on a five minute language sample it was possible to identify a predominant sensory mode of predicates for all subjects. This was accomplished using a conservative decision rule which required a spread of at least 20% of total sensory predicates between the proportion of predicates in the dominant sensory modality and that in the next most frequently utilized modality. Individual differences in the type of predicate usage were compared with self-reports of habitual imaginal modalities and preferences. The subjects were asked to complete two such self- report instruments: the Adjective Questionnaire (constructed by the author for the purpose of this study); and the Verbalizer- Visualizer Questionnaire (Richardson, 1977). There was an extraordinarily powerful correspondence found between the subject's dominant mode of sensory predicate use and his self-reports of preferences for a visual versus auditory (verbal) imaginal style in activities of daily living. In addition, individual differences in type of predicate usage were compared with performance on standard memory tasks where mode of item presentation varied. Performance on these tasks was facilitated when mode of item presentation was congruent with subjects' preferred mode of language predicate usage. These findings support the second NLP hypothesis studied. Finally, subjects' reactions to a simulated therapy transcript, which was constructed so as to cross dominant predicate mode of therapist (auditory or visual) with dominant predicate mode of patient (auditory or visual), were obtained and assessed as a function of preferred predicate mode of the subject and the type of predicate usage employed by the therapist and the patient. The findings support the third NLP proposition studied, that individual differences in preferred representational system influences a person's responsiveness and evaluation of an interpersonal transaction in such a way that a person will evaluate more positively another individual whose predicate usage is similar than one whose predicate language is dissimilar to his own and in such a way that interactions between persons whose language preferences are congruent will be evaluated more positively than interactions between persons whose language preferences are incongruent.

115. Parr, Gerald D.; Dixon, Paul N.; Yarbrough, Douglass; Ratheal, Michael: The effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming in a small group setting.

Parr, Gerald D.; Dixon, Paul N.; Yarbrough, Douglass; Ratheal, Michael: The effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming in a small group setting. Journal of College Student Personnel; Jul Vol 27(4) 358-361, 1986.Abstract: Communication using neurolinguistic programming (NLP) was examined by comparing the effect of message directness on 98 undergraduates. NLP creates the illusion of choice, thereby reducing listener resistance, and uses embedded commands, nesting the lead portion of a message unobtrusively within another statement. The treatment message used involved the advantages of joining a professional student organization. Results show that the NLP made Ss more relaxed but no more positive in their attitudes.

116. Paxton, Louise K.: Representational systems and client perception of the counseling relationship.

Paxton, Louise K.: Representational systems and client perception of the counseling relationship. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(9), 3888-A Indiana University, 141 pp. Order = 8105941, 1980.Abstract: Counseling is an interpersonal influence process. One factor in this process is counselor influence of client perception of the counseling relationship. Counselor verbal style within the interview is a means of influencing positive or negative client perception. A representational system is a verbal style reflecting patterns of sensory predicates spoken in conversation. Counselor use of representational systems is hypothesized to influence the direction of client perception of the counseling relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) if clients whose primary representational system was matched by the counselor had a more positive perception of the counseling relationship than did the non- matched control clients; (2) if clients whose primary representational system was mismatched by the counselor had a less positive perception of the counseling relationship than did the non-matched control clients; and, (3) if clients whose primary representational system was matched by the counselor had a more positive perception of the counseling relationship than did mismatched clients. The design of the study was a factorial type with unequal cell sample sizes. The treatment factor had three levels: matching, mismatching, and non-matching. The counselor factor had four levels representing the four trained counselors. The subjects were 48 intake clients at Family and Children's Service of Midland who agreed to participate in an agency evaluation of services. The greatest percentage of subjects were women between 26 and 35 years of age, who had attended or graduated high school. The subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group. After the subjects agreed to participate in the study, the experimenter obtained a taped sample of subject communication style. The sample was rated to determine the subject's most highly valued representational system. The subject was then randomly assigned to a treatment condition. The counselor was instructed to consistently choose predicates in the representational system - -auditory, visual, kinesthetic, or non- specific --assigned. After the treatment interview, the subject completed the revised Relationship Questionnaire as the measure of client perception of the counseling relationship. The questionnaire was scored and samples of the treatment interview were judged for accuracy. The data collected from the matching, mismatching, and non- matching subjects indicated their perceptions of the counseling relationship after an initial interview were analyzed by a completely randomized two-factor analysis of variance. No counselor or interaction effects were found. However, a significant difference at p<.01 existed between treatment groups in terms of client perception of the counseling relationship. Scheffe tests indicated that both matching and mismatching groups are significantly different (p<.01) from the non- matching controls, but not different from each other. Null hypothesis one, stating that there will be no significant differences between clients receiving the matching treatment and clients receiving the non- matching control procedure on the variable of client perception of the counseling relationship, was rejected. Null hypothesis two, stating that there will be no significant difference between clients receiving the mismatching treatment and clients receiving the non-matching control procedure on the variable of client perception of the counseling relationship, was rejected. Null hypothesis three, stating that there will be no significant difference between clients receiving the matching treatment and clients receiving the mismatching treatment on the variable of client perception of the counseling relationship, was not rejected. The results indicate that counselors who frequently use predicates reflecting a specific sensory representational system during the counseling interview will influence a more positive client perception of the counseling relationship than will counselors who infrequently use predicates reflecting several sensory representational systems.

117. Petroski, A.: Representational systems in the Neurolinguistic Programming model.

Petroski, A.: Representational systems in the Neurolinguistic Programming model. Winteler, A. UnivBW Fak SOWI, 1985.Abstract: This dissertation will discuss and research one model which has been proposed as truly psychotherapeutic. NLP presumes to provide useful techniques to the therapist to help directly and systematically influence client change.

118. Poffel, Stephen A.; Cross, Herbert J.: Neurolinguistic programming: a test of the eye movement hypothesis.

Poffel, Stephen A.; Cross, Herbert J.: Neurolinguistic programming: a test of the eye movement hypothesis. Perceptual and Motor skills; Dec Vol 61(3,Pt 2) 1262, 1985.Abstract: 22 undergraduates responded to a questionaire of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic questions, during which their eye movements were rated. Auditory responses occurred as frequently as visual responses. It is suggested that these and other reports do not support the eye- movement hypothesis of neurolinguistic programming posited by R. Bandler and J. Grinder (1975, 1979). (5 ref)

119. Radl, Myrna C.: Predicate identification and predicate matching: determining if it makes a difference.

Radl, Myrna C.: Predicate identification and predicate matching: determining if it makes a difference. Dissertation Abstracts International 46(10), 3625-B University of Colorado at Boulder, 247 pp. Pub. = AAC8528517, 1985.Abstract: The purpose of this study was twofold. The first part of the study was to determine whether subjects who reported themselves as auditorially, kinesthetically, or visually oriented could be identified as one of these representational systems by their use of predicates. The second purpose was to determine the effects of matching or mismatching predicates. Two self- evaluation methods were designed which attempted to identify subjects as auditorially, kinesthetically, or visually oriented; and two structured interviews were designed to determine subjects' use of predicates. Thirty-seven high school seniors participated; and three peer counselors from the same school were selected to interview the subjects and collect the completed self- evaluations. Interviews were rated for their auditorially, kinesthetically, and visually oriented predicates by three independent raters. Other variables included in the ratings of the second interview included: (1) length of responses; (2) requests for clarification; and, (3) signs of discomfort (seconds of pause, laughter, and utterances). Data were analyzed using one- and two-way analysis of variance and Chi- Square. All of the null hypotheses were accepted. Subjects were not able to be identified as auditorially, kinesthetically, or visually oriented by their use of predicates, and matching or mismatching predicates did not have the effects predicted by the NLP meta-model. Matching and mismatching predicates did not produce the expected effects on the other variables investigated in this study including: length of responses, requests for clarification, and signs of discomfort (pauses, laughter, and utterances), and in general, the study lent support for a stimulus- response theory rather than the NLP meta- model. It is recommended that future research into predicate identification and predicate matching not be pursued unless other variables from the NLP meta-model such as eye accessing movements are combined with the predicate identification and matching. Predicate identification and predicate matching by themselves are not sufficient.

120. Radosta, Robert: An investigation of eye accessing cues.

Radosta, Robert: An investigation of eye accessing cues. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(3), 883-B East Texas State University, 130 pp. Pub. = AAC8219481, 1982.Abstract: PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to investigate the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) hypothesis of eye accessing cues. In order to accomplish this purpose a series of hypotheses were formulated and tested. These hypotheses concerned the relationship of eye movements to cerebral activation, gender, spouses within a marital dyad, and a videotape recording procedure.Description:PROCEDURE: A series of questions were administered to 70 right- handed subjects. The subjects were composed of a group of married couples and a group of individual subjects. Half of the married subjects and half of the individual subjects were videotaped during questioning. The stimulus questions were designed to elicit specific eye movements within the following six eye movement categories: (a) eyes up and to the left; (b) eyes up and to the right; (c) eyes level and to the left; (d) eyes level and to the right; (e) eyes down and to the left; and, (f) eyes down and to the right.

121. Rebstock, Marc E.: The effects of training in matching techniques on the development of rapport between client and counselor during initial counseling interviews.

Rebstock, Marc E.: The effects of training in matching techniques on the development of rapport between client and counselor during initial counseling interviews. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(3), 946-A University of Missouri, Kansas City, 89 pp. Order = 8019148, 1980.Abstract: The importance of what is loosely termed "rapport" has been discussed by many theorists and often has been stressed in counselor education training programs, especially at the practicum stage. Different researchers have attempted to identify the essential ingredients of the ideal counseling relationship. These essential ingredients, which include empathy, warmth, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard on the part of the counselor, are what have been alluded to in discussions of rapport. A review of the literature identified numerous studies which have focused upon varying client or counselor characteristics as such affected the development of rapport; however, little attention has been given to specific techniques which could be used to build rapport. Bandler and Grinder, after studying the work of successful therapists, identified specific techniques, matching skills, which could be taught to and employed by counselors in building rapport with clients. This study was an attempt to demonstrate how training in matching techniques could be incorporated into a graduate course in counselor education. Although there was no empirical evidence which specifically supported the value of matching techniques in the development of rapport, research in nonverbal aspects of communication suggested matching of client behaviors would be beneficial in building rapport. Two groups of twelve male and female graduate counseling students were given training in matching techniques and conducted two interviews with clients which the group members had not met previously. One group of twelve subjects was trained before conducting the first interview, while the second group of twelve subjects was not trained until after conducting the first interview. Both groups had been trained before the second set of interviews was conducted. Following completion of the tape recorded interviews, both clients and counselors completed an interview rating scale to establish the level of rapport achieved. Judges made independent behavior counts of matched representational predicates from the tape recordings. One research hypothesis was that there would be differences between interviews conducted by trained counselors and those conducted by untrained counselors in respect to client rapport ratings, the percentage of agreement between client and counselor rapport ratings, and the number of matched representational predicates. Another research hypothesis was that there would be a positive relationship between client rapport ratings and number of matched predicates. The results of the data analyses failed to support any of the stated hypotheses. The conclusion was made that training in matching techniques as conducted in this study had no effect on development of rapport between clients and counselors. Three possible explanations for the lack of an effect were given. First, the spontaneous occurrence of matching behaviors may have accounted for the lack of a difference. Second, training may have interrupted the counseling relationship, at least until the trainees became skilled in the use of the newly acquired skills. Third, matching techniques may have been irrelevant in the development of rapport. It was recommended that further research on matching techniques in relation to rapport be conducted, since the present study demonstrated the lack of effectiveness of a particular training design, not necessarily the lack of effectiveness of matching techniques in general.

122. Reckert, Horst-W.: Test anxiety ... removed by anchoring in just one session?

Reckert, Horst-W.: Test anxiety ... removed by anchoring in just one session? in: Multimind, NLP Aktuell, Nr. 6, Nov./Dez. 1994. Junfermann Verlag Paderborn. Master thesis., 1994.Abstract: Empirische Untersuchung mit Studierende mit Prüfungsangst kurz vor der Prüfung. Diese Studie möchte deshalb das Nlp-Anker- Kollabieren als Kurzzeittherapie in einer Sitzung in der Behandlung von prüfungsängstlichen Studierenden evaluieren. Als Vergleichsintervention wählte der Autor das mentale Training. Dies wird in der populäwissentschaftlichen Beratungsliteratur oft als Behandlungsverfahren vorgestellt. Pre-post- post-post Kontrollgruppendesign. Positive Effekte.

123. Reese, Dorothy B.: Nonverbal and psycholinguistic behavior of Neurolinguistic Programming trainers.

Reese, Dorothy B.: Nonverbal and psycholinguistic behavior of Neurolinguistic Programming trainers. Dissertation Abstracts International 49(1), 64- A Temple University, 183 pp. Order = DA8803838, 1987.Abstract: Research on the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model has tested the efficacy of model components within dyadic interaction. This study examines the use of nonverbal and psycholinguistic NLP techniques within a group training context by asking the following questions: (1) What NLP techniques are used when training groups, how are they used, and what is the rationale for their use?; (2) What, if any, are the differences in application of these techniques in the group situation vs. dyadic interaction?; and, (3) Have NLP Trainers developed any new NLP techniques specifically for group trainings? NLP techniques studied were use of analogies, anecdotes and metaphors; anchoring; chaining; future pacing; imbedded commands; rapport; pacing and leading; reframing; representational (sensory) systems; set- ups; submodalities; uptime; and calibration. Subjects were nine NLP Trainers. Content analysis was done on videotapes, in vivo presentations, interviews, and informal discussions. All of the NLP techniques were utilized in the trainings, and extensive descriptions and rationales are given. Specific applications for analogue marking, eliciting participation, handling polarity respondents and developing trainer mental sets are described. A recurring pattern of presentation was observed to be pacing, preparation and leading of the groups. Specific modalities are given for the instrumental use of a communicator's voice, body language and word choice. The interactive nature of the training setting is emphasized. Recommendations for further nonverbal communication research urge the use of videotape and stress the importance of a trained observer, due to the subtlety and complexity of the behavior. Additional research questions were given for the purposes of developing an operationally defined list of these behaviors, testing their efficacy in group training, and developing training modules.

124. Ridings, Donald E.: Neurolinguistic Programming's primary representational system: does it exist?

Ridings, Donald E.: Neurolinguistic Programming's primary representational system: does it exist? Dissertation Abstracts International 47(3), 1285-B University of Massachusetts, 130 pp. Order = DA8612078, 1986.Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation was to determine if a primary representational system (PRS), as hypothesized by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model of communication, could be identified by a predicate (verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) analysis method. A second purpose was to determine the temporal stability of PRSs over time; a third purpose was to compare two subject populations on PRS occurrence and stability. There were 65 subjects: 15 female and 17 male undergraduates between the ages of 18 and 23, and 17 female and 16 male mental health counselors between the ages of 30 and 50 from community mental health centers. Each subject was asked three questions privately by an interviewer. At Time 2, six weeks later, the subjects were asked three similar questions. Responses were audiotaped and transcribed. Predicates were coded into one of six categories (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, gustatory, and none) by two representational modality coders. The interrater reliability coefficient between the modality coders on 32 randomly chosen subject predicate lists using Cohen's Kappa was .92. A PRS was operationally defined as: (a) the representational modality most frequently used; and, (b) the representational modality that occurred at a rate 20 percent higher than the next most frequently occurring modality. Results indicates that 55 of 65 subjects and 50 of 65 subjects showed PRSs at Times 1 and 2 respectively. There was a predominance of one modality over the others as 53 subjects at Time 1 and 47 subjects at Time 2 evidenced kinesthetic PRSs. However, of the 53 subjects showing a kinesthetic PRS at Time 1 only 40 of them evidenced a kinesthetic PRS at Time 2. When Cohen's Kappa was calculated, a value of .18 was obtained; thus temporal stability of PRS was not evidenced in this study. There were no significant differences between males and females as groups or between college students and mental health workers as groups regarding PRS modality preferences.

125. Salas, Jesus A.; de Groot, Hans; Spanos, Nicholas P.: Neurolinguistic Programming and hypnotic responding: an empirical evaluation.

Salas, Jesus A.; de Groot, Hans; Spanos, Nicholas P.: Neurolinguistic Programming and hypnotic responding: an empirical evaluation. Journal of Mental Imagery; Spr Vol 13(1) 79-89, 1989.Abstract: Recorded the eye movements of 80 right-handed undergraduates in response to questions designed to elicit auditory, visual, and kinesthetic imagery and assessed the relationship between Ss' eye movement direction and perceptual predicate usage in response to open-ended questions. Ss were then administered a hypnotic induction procedure and 6 test suggestions that were worded in terms of either visual or kinesthetic predicates. Contrary to the predictions of Neuro- linguistic Programming theory, no significant relationships emerged between type of modality eliciting questions or perceptual predicate usage and direction of gaze. The degree of matching between the predicate types used by Ss and the wording of the induction they were administered did not predict their level of rapport with the experimenter, the degree of relaxation induced by the induction, or their overt and subjective responsiveness to the suggestions. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

126. Sandhu, Daya S.: The effects of mirroring vs. non-mirroring of clients' nonverbal behavior on empathy, trustworthiness, and positive interaction in cross-cultural counseling dyads.

Sandhu, Daya S.: The effects of mirroring vs. non-mirroring of clients' nonverbal behavior on empathy, trustworthiness, and positive interaction in cross-cultural counseling dyads. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(4), p. 1042.Abstract: This study examined the effects of mirroring vs. non- mirroring of selected nonverbal behaviors on empathy, trustworthiness and positive interaction. The study was based upon the assertations of NLP proponents (i.e. Bandler and Grinder, Dilts, Lankton) that rapport and trust can be established and enhanced through mirroring of clients nonverbal behaviors. This method of generating facilitative conditions was purported to have applications in all interactions, but especially in cross- cultural counseling situations, where ethnic and cultural differences hinder rapport building. 60 male Choctaw adolescents were randomly selected from a pool of 109 volunteers. A Two Groups Randomized Posttest only as research design for this study was used. In the experimental group, the movements of extremities and posture were mirrored directly, while nose rubbing, hair patting frowns, laughs, tongue and eye movements were mirrored indirectly. In the control condition, no deliberate effort was made to mirror nonverbal behaviors; on the contrary, if the counselors noticed the clients mirroring them, they immediatly assumed non-mirrored positions. Two white female counselors with similar educational experiences mirrored and non-mirrored an equal number of subjects for 10 minutes. Each dyad was standardized through a counseling protocol and was videotaped. Data were collected on three dependent variables. The revised empathy scale of Barrett- Lennard Relationship Inventory and trustworthiness dimension of the Counselor Rating Form were completed by the subjects immediately after the counseling session. Two trained independent judges with interrater observer agreement of .88 rated each vide taped dyad on Leathers Nonverbal Feedback Rating Instrument for positive interaction. One-way analysis of variance was used as a statistical procedure to test three null hypotheses. The results indicated significant mirroring effects on the empathy scale of the BLRI. No significant differences were found on the CRF or the LNFRI.

127. Sandhu, Daya S.; Reeves, T. Glen; Portes, Pedro R.: Cross-cultural counseling and neurolinguistic mirroring with native American adolescents.

Sandhu, Daya S.; Reeves, T. Glen; Portes, Pedro R.: Cross- cultural counseling and neurolinguistic mirroring with native American adolescents. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development; Apr Vol 21(2) 106-118, 1993.Abstract: Examined the effects of neurolinguistic mirroring vs nonmirroring of selected nonverbal behaviors on empathy, trustworthiness, and positive interaction in a cross-cultural setting among 60 Choctaw male adolescents (aged 14-19 yrs) and 2 White female counselors. Ss were videotaped during counseling sessions and were then administered the Barrett- Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI) and the Counselor Rating Form. There were significant mirroring effects on the empathy scale of the BLRI. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

128. Schiermann, Jens U.: The representation of visual information.

Schiermann, Jens U.: The representation of visual information. University of Hamburg, Department of Psychology, 30.07.1986, 124 pages, 1996.Abstract: Untersucht werden Hypothesen von Bandler und Grinder, nach denen sich Menschen beim Erinnern an Erlebnisse vorrangig, systematisch und intraindividuell konstant in einem bestimmten modalen Repraesentationssystem (visuell, auditiv, kinaesthetisch) bewegen. Dieses System wird als "Primaeres Repraesentationssystem" (PR) bezeichnet. Fuer den Psychotherapeuten ist die Kenntnis des PR seines Klienten bedeutungsvoll, da er sich bemuehen kann, die Sprache seines Klienten und damit dessen Begriffswelt besser zu verstehen. Der Identifizierung des PR dienen Sprachgewohnheiten und Blickrichtungen des Klienten. Um die Hypothesen zur Identifizierung des PR zu ueberpruefen, wurden 31 Personen je zweimal einem standardisierten Interview unterzogen, in dem sie sich an zurueckliegende Ereignise erinnern sollten. Die Phase der Erinnerung wurde durch Videoaufnahmen der Augenbewegungen und Tonbandaufnahmen protokolliert. Es zeigten sich folgende Ergebnisse: (1) Probanden bevorzugten nicht eindeutig ein einzelnes Repraesentationssystem gegenueber einem anderen; (2) ein Zusammenhang zwischen verbalem Repraesentationssystem und Blickrichtung wurde nur bei einem Teil der Probanden beobachtet und auch bei diesen nicht zeitkonstant; (3) ein im neurolinguistischen Programmieren geschulter Therapeut war nicht in der Lage, ein primaeres Repraesentationssystem zuverlaessig zu identifizieren. Damit konnten die Hypothesen Bandlers und Grinders durch die Resultate nicht bestaetigt werden. (Autor/Juergen Wiesenhuetter - ZPID)

129. Schiermann, Jens; Ringelband, Olaf: Representational systems and eye movement.

Schiermann, Jens; Ringelband, Olaf: Representational systems and eye movement. GwG-Info, 61, 63-76, 1985.Abstract: Presents an empirical study of the relationship between involuntary eye movements and memory code systems in the process of remembering, testing postulates of neurolinguistic programing (NLP) by Bandler and Grinder about primary representational systems (RS). 32 uninformed subjects were asked 30 questions about concrete experiences (20 directed to the auditory, visual or kinesthetic RS, and 10 nonspecific questions; parallel questions for the follow-up study two weeks later). Responses were recorded on videotapes and audiotapes. The relationship between direction of gaze (evaluated by trained judges) and RS-specific process words (predicates) was tested. Indications of a positive relationship were found, but there was no inter- or intraindividual consistency of reaction. An integration of NLP into the client-centered concept is thus not recommended on the basis of these preliminary results. (Sally Bellows - ZPID)

130. Schleh, Malcolm N.: An examination of the Neurolinguistic Programming hypothesis on eye movements in children.

Schleh, Malcolm N.: An examination of the Neurolinguistic Programming hypothesis on eye movements in children. Dissertation Abstracts International 48(2), 584-B Biola University, Rosemead School of Psychology, 93 pp. Pub. = AAC8709616, 1987.Abstract: Two specific hypotheses were examined in this study. The first was that children will exhibit a consistent, observable relationship between stimulus question type and their subsequent eye movements in the direction predicted by Bandler and Grinder (1979). The second hypothesis was that older children, who have been in the educational system for many years, would exhibit a significantly higher degree of uniformity in their eye movements during responses to spelling questions than would very young school children. The subject sample was comprised of children from three age groups -- first grade, fifth grade, and high school. Participants were administered questions which had been categorized as either visual, auditory, or kinesthetic in nature, and asked to spell words of average difficulty from the Spelling subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test, Revised Edition. The results provided only limited support for the first hypothesis, and no support for the second. In the Question Phase the first- and fifth- graders responded with "auditory" eye movements significantly more often than the other types, regardless of stimulus question type. High school subjects did not evidence any significant difference in the type of responses they generated regardless of question type. A between grades comparison for the Question Phase indicated that the first- and fifth-graders generally made significantly more "auditory" eye movements than did the high school subjects, while high school subjects made significantly more "visual" eye movements. This same trend was also seen in the Spelling Phase data: younger subjects made significantly more "auditory" eye movement responses, while those made by high school students were generally more "visual". Rather than being consistent with the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) hypothesis of eye movements, the results are suggestive of a developmentally based bias in the direction of eye movement responses.

131. Schmedlen, George W.: The impact of sensory modality matching on the establishment of rapport in psychotherapy.

Schmedlen, George W.: The impact of sensory modality matching on the establishment of rapport in psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 42(5), 2080-B Kent State University, 83 p. Pub. = AAC8123577, 1981.Abstract: Researchers and psychotherapists have long been interested in specifying as completely as possible the ongoing process variables occurring between therapist and client which lead consistently to effective therapeutic relationships and positive psychotherapy outcomes. Although a number of these variables have been intensely studied, few definitive findings exist. The purpose of the present study was to further the specification of the components of the successful relationship through investigation of a heretofore little researched area that has been the subject of a great deal of theorizing. Grinder and Bandler (1976) have argued that individuals, while taking in information from all senses, show a preference for representing their experience internally in a particular, favored, modality. This modality, by virtue of its greater usage, has available in it greater and finer distinctions in the world of experience. It constitutes, therefore, a more cognitively complex map of the world than the corresponding map in another modality with fewer distinctions. When describing their experience to themselves or others, individuals choose predicates which emphasize content from this more highly differentially favored system. Grinder and Bandler suggest that communicating to a client in predicates which imply the client's most favored modality serves, through greater clarity and ease of understanding, as a basis for the client's experience of rapport with the therapist. By the same token, communication across sensory channels may result in a loss of precision and be a component of misunderstanding or confusion between therapist and client. To test this hypothesis of a higher level of experienced rapport for clients who have been systematically matched, versus mismatched, in terms of the sensory modality implied by their predicate choice, 24 subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 possible treatment session sequences. In one group, the clients were given 2 1-2 hour analogue therapy sessions where the therapist systematically matched their predicates in the first session and mismatched them during the second. The other group received the opposite order; that is, the therapist mismatched during the first session and matched during the second. During the match session, the counselor made a concerted effort to match the predicates spoken by the clients in terms of the sensory modality implied by their predicate choice. In the mismatch condition, the counselor mismatched the predicates spoken in terms of the sensory modality implied. To ensure that the match or mismatch procedure has been accurately administered, trained judges listened to audiotapes of the sessions and discarded those failing to meet the criterion. From the final pool, 8 subjects were removed leaving a total n of 16. At the end of each session, clients filled out the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (Stiles, 1980) and the Barrett- Lennard Relationship Inventory (1962) Empathetic Understanding Scale and Level of Regard Scale. Comparison of the means of the total match and mismatch samples through use of the correlated samples t- test revealed significant differences (t=2.28, df=14, p(.05) between groups on the Empathetic Understanding Scale of the Barrett-Lennard, but not on the remaining measures. These findings were interpreted to support the Grinder-Bandler hypothesis that systematic matching of a client's predicates in terms of sensory modality implied, facilitated the client's perception of the empathetic component of rapport in the therapist above the case where the therapist mismatches. The procedure, however, had no discernable impact on the client's perception of level of regard or the Stiles (1980) measures of Depth/Value, Smoothness/Ease, or perception of therapist level of regard is determined by other factors than those involved in the matching procedure. Too, it was suggested that the Stiles measures were more dependent on session content than interactional factors. Interesting anecdotes drawn from the counselors' experience during the study were discussed to highlight some of the subtleties of the matching procedures not readily apparent. A number of directions for further study in the area were offered.

132. Schmedlen, George W., MacCormick, Donald W., Woldt, Ansel L.: Neurolinguistic Programming, matching sensory predicates, and rapport.

Schmedlen, George W., MacCormick, Donald W., Woldt, Ansel L.: Neurolinguistic Programming, matching sensory predicates, and rapport. Western Psychological Association Annual Meeting, 23-26. 04. 1987 (Paper), 1987.Abstract: A key task in psychotherapy is building trust and rapport with the client. This is also important in areas beyond face-to- face therapy such as supervision, training and consulting. This study examined the NLP approach to building rapport. Includes an empirical review of controversial studies on the concept of rapport.

133. Schneider, Mark E.: The relationship among primary representational systems, and counselor empathy, trustworthiness, attractiveness, expertness and subject preference.

Schneider, Mark E.: The relationship among primary representational systems, and counselor empathy, trustworthiness, attractiveness, expertness and subject preference. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(2), 418-A SUNY Buffalo, 110 pp. Order = DA8410589, 1984.Abstract: Practitioner matching of Primary Representational System (PRS) continues despite inconsistent research into its efficacy and research difficulty in assessing the PRS construct. This dissertation investigated the relationship among subject's primary representational system (PRS) and subjects perception of counselor characteristics and preference for counselor style. The study tests the hypotheses of Richard Bandler and John Grinder concerning matching of PRS as a means of creating rapport and trust and extends the investigation into subject perception of other counselor characteristics. A Sensory Referent Test was developed to identify subject's PRS. Four videotaped stimulus instrument protocols were created using predominantly visual, auditory, kinesthetic and unspecific language. The Betts QMI Vividness of Imagery Questionnaire was used as another sensory referent measure. Female subjects were alternately assigned to one of two female counselors who introduced counseling using four different styles: visual, auditory, kinesthetic and unspecified. Subjects completed criterion measures of counselor attractiveness, expertness, empathy and trustworthiness after each videotape and also chose one style that they preferred most. The design of the study allowed a rigorous investigation of whether significant differences existed regarding matching of subject PRS versus unmatching of subject PRS and mismatching of subject PRS versus unmatching of subject PRS. This study was also designed to determine whether there were interactions among PRS and counselor and PRS and preferred videotape, which would imply that something other than matching, mismatching or unmatching was contributing to differences on dependent measures. A multivariate repeated measures data analysis revealed that no truly significant relationship existed between matching, unmatching and mismatching of PRS as assessed by sensory referents and ratings of counselor trustworthiness, attractiveness, expertness and empathy. A moderate relationship existed between the Sensory referent Test High point code scores and an alternative means of measurements -- the Betts QMI Vividness of Imagery Questionnaire. Suggestions were made for further research into the imagery systems of clients and the development of sensory profiles.

134. Scott, Eddie K.: The effects of the Neurolinguistic Programming model of reframing as therapy for bulemia.

Scott, Eddie K.: The effects of the Neurolinguistic Programming model of reframing as therapy for bulemia. Dissertation Abstracts International 48(7), 1713-A 1714-A Northern Arizona University, 191 pp. Order = DA8715297, 1987.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic value of reframing within the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model with bulemia. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by the following self- report variables: number of binges and purges per week, average daily caloric intake, duration of binges, and binge obsession intensity. Pre- and posttest scores of the Eating Disorder Inventory and the Tennessee Self- Concept Scale were also employed. The Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders was used to obtain background and demographic data on subjects to compare them along these dimensions with bulemic subjects as described in prior research. Binge obsession intensity was measured at each time of day to discern if the obsession to binge is more prevalent at any particular time of day. The research program was conducted with five bulemic subjects who were university students and met the DSM- III definition of bulemia. The study consisted of three phases: three weeks of baseline during which the pre- tests were administered, three or four weeks of treatment depending on the needs of the subject, and three weeks of follow-up during which post-treatment data were gathered. Self- report journals were completed throughout the study. Reframing treatment resulted in positive change in all participants. A complete remission of bulemic symptoms occurred in three subjects, near remission in the fourth, and limited improvement in the fifth. No clear pattern was observed regarding the time at which subjects experienced the obsession to binge except that binge obsession appeared to be higher during unstructured times of day. The subjects were found to be similar in background to bulemics as a whole. While self- report data was useful in assessing change in subjects, further standardization of the instruments is needed. The standardized instruments used both were sensitive to change and measured crucial facets of the disorder. The researcher concluded that bulemia consists of many affective facets in addition to the obvious behavioral aspects. It was suggested that affective and unconscious factors in bulemia need to be considered in future research and treatment of the disorder.

135. Semtner, Elizabeth A.: An investigation into the relevance of using Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) as an aid in individualizing college reading programs.

Semtner, Elizabeth A.: An investigation into the relevance of using Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) as an aid in individualizing college reading programs. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(4), p. 1266, 1986.Abstract: As far back as 1888, educators have promoted the concept of individualizing instruction. Developmental reading classes have been offered at many colleges over the years, and most are developed under the guise of individualization. Is it possible, however, that by failing to identify a student's primary language representational system, the teacher is failing to utilize that one piece of information that would aid in truly individualizing the program? Neuro- linguistic programming promotes the concept that individuals possess a preferred language style that corresponds to their preferred learning style. The purpose of this study was to determine whether students having different primary representational systems make similar gains in an individualized college reading program. Due to the relative newness of the NLP theory, Neuro- linguistic programming may not have been addressed within the time-honored concept of individualization. The subjects in this study were all students in developmental reading classes at a large junior college. Classes were taught by four regular faculty members and two supplemental instructors who followed similar guidelines. The use of particular laboratory materials may have varied slightly according to individual teacher preference, but the programs themselves were designed to be as relatively unbiased in physical setting and materials as was possible with different instructors. The data suggest that none of the three primary mode groups (auditory, visual, or kinesthetic) seemed to enjoy an advantage over the others in terms of vocabulary or comprehension achievement. In addition, students who for one reason or another failed to complete the course seemed as likely to exhibit a preference for one particular sensory mode as another. There was not a disproportionate number of non- completers in any one of thethree mode groups.

136. Sharpley, Christopher F.: Predicate matching in NLP: a review of research on the preferred representational system.

Sharpley, Christopher F.: Predicate matching in NLP: a review of research on the preferred representational system. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 238- 248, 1984.Abstract: The increasing publicity of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) has not been accompanied by marked research support. As a first review of the 15 studies performed so far that have investigated the use of the Preferred Representational System (PRS) in NLP, this article describes each of these studies, compiling a summary of data collected. Aspects of design, methodology population, and dependent measures are evaluated, with comments on the outcomes obtained. Results of the review suggest that there is little supportive evidence for the use of the PRS in NLP in these 15 studies, with much data to the contrary. Questions of accountability are raised.

137. Sharpley, Christopher F.: Research findings on Neurolinguistic Programming: nonsupportive data or untestable theory?

Sharpley, Christopher F.: Research findings on Neurolinguistic Programming: nonsupportive data or untestable theory? Journal of Counseling Psychology , 34(1), 103-107, 1987.Abstract: In an earlier review of the experimental literature on neurolinguistic programming (NLP), Sharpley (1984) drew the conclusion that the effectiveness of this therapy was yet to be demonstrated. In their comment on the review, Einspruch and Forman (1985) agreed with this conclusion but suggested that it was due to the presence of methodological errors in the research on NLP to date and that the efficiency of NLP was open to debate. Unfortunately, those suggestions were based on misconceptions regarding the factors that limit the methodological worth of research. Several of the detailed criticisms from the review are refuted here, and further data from seven recent studies further demonstrate that the research data does not support either the basic tenets of NLP or their application in counseling situations as presented. Implications from these findings for the use of NLP in counseling research or clinical practice are discussed.

138. Shaw, Darcy L.: Recall as effected by the interaction of presentation representational system and primary representational system.

Shaw, Darcy L.: Recall as effected by the interaction of presentation representational system and primary representational system. Dissertation Abstracts International 38(10), 5931-A Ball State University, 211 pp. Order = 7803830, 1977.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test experimentally the theoretical Grinder and Bandler representational system concept. Briefly, the representational system concept is that people organize their experiences into internal representational systems (which may be visual, auditory, and kinesthetic); that people specialize and one of the systems becomes the primary representational system; that one way to determine a person's primary representational system is to listen carefully to the predicates used in a person's natural language; and that people best understand communication in which the predicates are matched to the predicates of the person's primary representational system. The subjects used in this study were 108 undergraduate students at Ball State University. The subjects' primary representational systems had been identified in a previous study. Four means of identification were used in the previous study (i.e., verbalization, eye- movement, and primary and secondary self- report). Each subject was randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups using the verbalization identification of the subject's primary representational system. Contrary to expectations, no subjects were identified on the basis of their verbalizations as having a visual primary representational system. The subjects in each treatment group were shown a videotaped presentation of one of three forms of a story. Each form of the story described the same 27 items in the same order, and each form contained items described with visual, auditory, and kinesthetic predicates. The predicates used to describe each item were varied across the forms of the story. The subjects were asked to list as many of the experiences described in the story as they could. The data were subjected to a multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. All major hypotheses failed to be rejected at the .05 level of confidence. The auditory and kinesthetic subjects did not respond differentially to the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic items. The data were subjected to a series of post-hoc analyses because no visual subjects were identified by verbalization, and because the more stringent definition of item masked differences in the subjects' responses. The eye- movement and primary and secondary self- report identification of subjects and the more and less stringent definitions of item were used as independent variables in the post-hoc analysis. The visual, auditory, and kinesthetic subjects did not respond differentially to the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic items. Several recommendations for further study were made.

139. Shobin, Mark Z.: An investigation of the effects of verbal pacing on initial therapeutic rapport.

Shobin, Mark Z.: An investigation of the effects of verbal pacing on initial therapeutic rapport. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(5), A Boston University School of Education (1980), 101 pp. Order = 8024158, 1980.Abstract: This research study examined the effect of verbal pacing on the development of initial therapeutic rapport. Verbal pacing was defined as the matching or "mirroring" by a therapist of a client's sentence predicates and syntax, voice tone and tempo, and was postulated to be a highly effective behavior in both establishing and maintaining rapport over the course of therapeutic treatment. This study limited itself to an examination of the effect of verbal pacing behaviors on initial therapeutic rapport. To test the relationship of verbal pacing to initial therapeutic rapport, the design of the study incorporated the use of a semi-structured interview which attempted to simulate an initial psychotherapy consultation, and in which experimental manipulation of interviewer verbal and vocal behavior was conducted. Three experimental manipulations, or conditions, were tested: reflection/interrogation (designed to provide a baseline or "control" rapport rating), verbal pacing, and modified verbal pacing, a condition in which the interviewer matched the subject's voice tone, tempo of speech and sentence syntax, but mismatched the subject's sentence predicate language. Each experimental condition designated a mode of interviewer behavior to be used during the entire interview unit. The interviewer, as well, was hidden from the subject's view by a screen, ensuring that only verbal and vocal elements would be tested. At the conclusion of each interview, subjects completed the Anderson and Anderson Interview Rating Scale. The rating scale provided an operational definition of rapport for the study, and produced a score which measured the degree of subject experienced rapport as an effect of the experimental interview condition. Groups of subject scores for the three interview conditions provided the data for the statistical analysis of the results. Analysis of the scores of the interviews, as measured by t tests, showed significantly higher rapport ratings for the verbal pacing category of interviews than for the reflection/interrogation interviews, and significantly lower rapport ratings for the modified pacing interviews than for either the verbal pacing or reflection/interrogation interviews. The findings of the study, then, support the following conclusions: (1) Verbal pacing effectively induces an initial sense of rapport and fosters an atmosphere conducive to the development of the deeper therapeutic relationship. (2) The key element in verbal pacing is the matching of sentence predicate language. Awareness of a client's sentence predicate language, as well as the effect of verbal pacing on the development of rapport, can be a valuable tool for developing effective communication in psychotherapy and counseling.

140. Slavit, Michael R.: The effects of assessing and utilizing preferred sensory modality: an experiment with relaxation training.

Slavit, Michael R.: The effects of assessing and utilizing preferred sensory modality: an experiment with relaxation training. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(9), 2907-B University of Texas at Austin, 136 pp. Pub. = AAC8329874, 1983.Abstract: The current research has studied the effectiveness of relaxation training conducted via imagery. Training with preferred and nonpreferred sensory modalities have been compared on the basis of both subjective and physiological measures. Imagery is a psychological phenomenon which has a long history in western thought but a limited history in physiological research. Imagery in behavioral psychotherapeutic methodology has traditionally been thought of as existing in only one sensory modality: vision. George Betts (1909) formulated a vividness of imagery scale (QMI), and Sheehan (1967) shortened Betts' original instrument and established its reliability. The hypnotherapist Milton Erickson believed that the sensory system which an individual emphasizes in representing his/her world is an important factor both in building rapport and in eliciting therapeutic change. Richard Bandler, John Grinder, and others have articulated and promoted a set of techniques, neurolinguistic programming (NLP), in which the concept of primary representational system -- or preferred sensory modality --is crucial. Each of 134 subjects in the current research participated in one forty-minute session. Betts' QMI yielded scores indicating the vividness of each subject's imagery in three modalities: visual, auditory, and tactile/kinesthetic. Subjects first relaxed on their own, and then received treatment consisting of beach imagery described in explicit terms representing one sense mode. Subjective and physiological measures were taken both before and after treatment. The subjective measure was Spielberger's (1969) State Anxiety Scale, and the physiological measure was frontalis muscle EMG. The data were analyzed so as to answer the question of whether preferred modality treatment groups differed significantly from nonpreferred modality treatment groups. A linear models approach was used to test the hypotheses. On the subjective measure, preferred and nonpreferred modality treatment groups both showed a decrease in anxiety, with no difference between groups. On the physiological measure, there was a significant difference between groups, such that treatment with preferred modality was more effective. The results were interpreted as indicating that use of preferred sensory modality in treatment improves relaxation training. Tentative support is thus provided to the theory suggested by Erickson and articulated by Bandler and Grinder. Further research is warranted on the basis of this study.

141. Sperber, Karl: The language of empathy.

Sperber, Karl: The language of empathy. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(2), 688- B University of Maine, 173 pp. Pub. = AAC8412526, 1983.Abstract: This study was designed to test certain hypotheses regarding the linguistic communication of empathy in psychotherapy. The definition and theory of empathy was discussed in detail revealing two essential points: (1) Empathy must be perceived by the client to have therapeutic effect, and (2) empathy must involve both an understanding of the client's immediate feeling, and the context from which that experience takes its meaning --i.e., the client's world-view. Consideration of these points resulted in the selection of the Barrett- Lennard Relationship Inventory as the most valid existing measure of empathy for employment in this study. Previous researchers in this area have commonly assumed that there is a set of linguistic behaviors that are "empathetic" and will be seen as being empathetic regardless of the client. Although some hypotheses of this type were tested here, the major thrust of the present study was the hypothesis that the communication of empathy relies at least equally on the degree of match or congruence between the speech of therapist and client. Such congruence was hypothesized to communicate a "sharing" of both immediate feelings as well as of attitudes, values and cognitive styles, which are the context for those feelings. Specifically, this thesis was tested with regard to the following dimensions of speech: vocabulary, content, primary vs. secondary processes, primary representational system (PRS), time orientation, feeling orientation, rate of speech, and length of pauses and latencies. Measures devised to tap these variables were applied to tape recordings and transcripts of first sessions of psychotherapy conducted by clinical psychology graduate students. Computer executed content analysis was used extensively. The results did not support the hypotheses. Possible reasons are discussed including heterogeneity of sample, special factors relevant to the early phase of therapy, and the possibility that empathy may be communicated paralinguistically. Post hoc analyses revealed that female therapists were rated significantly higher in empathy and the other variables of this study differed in some cases depending on the gender of the therapist. These and other exploratory analyses are discussed and ramifications for future research are outlined.

142. Sun, Michael B.: A study for development of a methodological process and the use of certified NLP practitioners in assessing the consistency of NLP programmers rating eye movements.

Sun, Michael B.: A study for development of a methodological process and the use of certified NLP practitioners in assessing the consistency of NLP programmers rating eye movements. Dissertation Abstracts International 49(11), p. 3341.Abstract: The research developed a methodology to code and quantify eye movement patterns as a function of a Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) strategy elicitation process. Secondarily the research established methodology that identified the degree of consistency among certain certified NLP practitioners while they rated eye movements. The study reviewed literature in the field, identified problems relevant to research in NLP, defined and described selected rater strategies, and utilized the findings of this study to identify areas which are in need of further research.

143. Swets, John A.; Bjork, Robert A.: Enhancing human performance: An evaluation of "New Age" techniques considered by the U.S. army.

Swets, John A.; Bjork, Robert A.: Enhancing human performance: An evaluation of "New Age" techniques considered by the U.S. army. Psychological Science; Mar Vol 1(2) 85-sup- 86, 1990.Abstract: Reviewed conventional technique considered by the US Army for enhancing human performance during a 2-yr study. These techniques included learning during sleep, accelerated learning, improvement of motor skills, alteration of mental states, stress management, influence strategies, group cohesion, and parapsychology. Little or no scientific evidence was found to support the effectiveness of several techniques, including neurolinguistic programming in social influence and such paranormal techniques as remote viewing and psychokinesis. Mixed results characterized other techniques (e.g., group- cohesion procedures). Farther study was suggested for a few, including mental practice of motor skills. Further consideration of mainstream research in the behavioral sciences was recommended as a basis for effective performance enhancement.

144. Talone, James M.: The use of sensory predicates to predict responses to sensory suggestions.

Talone, James M.: The use of sensory predicates to predict responses to sensory suggestions. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(2), 618-B Utah State University, 118 pp. Order = DA8313xxx, 1983.Abstract: A scale consisting of eight suggestions worded with specific sensory predicates was administered to a large undergraduate introductory psychology class. Following the presentation of suggestions, Self- Scoring Forms were filled out to assess the subjects' response to auditory (A), visual (V), and kinesthetic (K) suggestions. Prior to the conclusion of the session, subjects were asked to write a brief essay describing their experience of the suggestion portion of the session. Subject essays were content analyzed for the use of predicates (including, but not only, A, V, and K). Frequency of usage of A, V and K predicates were compared with responses to A, V, and K suggestions to determine the amount of consistency between preference for the use of a specific category of sensory predicates and responsiveness to suggestions worded in similar language. No significant correlations between the use of specific sensory predicates and response to specific sensory suggestions were found.

145. Thomason, David D.: Neurolinguistic Programming: an aid to increase counselor expertness.

Thomason, David D.: Neurolinguistic Programming: an aid to increase counselor expertness. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(9), 2909-B Biola University, 65 pp. Pub. = AAC8400860, 1984.Abstract: This study examined the Bandler and Grinder hypothesis that a counselor will be more expert in a shorter period of time if he knows the primary representational system of his client. The primary representational system is a concept of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) which holds that experience is organized by sensory systems -- visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. One system is typically favored, thus becoming primary, and can be discovered by analyzing eye movement and speech predicates. Counselor expertness was measured using 56 male and female college subjects who were in short-term therapy with first-year graduate students in clinical psychology and marriage, family and child counseling. Levels of perceived expertness were assessed by an adaptation of the Counselor Effectiveness Scale (Ivey, 1971). The results showed that expertness was significantly increased in counselors who were trained in Neurolinguistic Programming, and that deficits in five areas of expertness relative to non-NLP trained counselors were remediated.

146. Torres, Cresencio: An investigation of language representational system utilization by personality type.

Torres, Cresencio: An investigation of language representational system utilization by personality type. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(5), 1271-A University of Oklahoma, 110 pp. Order = DA8418579, 1984.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality type and primary language representational system patterns in the verbal communication process. This research attempted to determine whether personality types as identified by Jungian psychological typology utilizes specific language representational systems as described in the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model. A sample of 115 adult students from the College of Education at the University of Oklahoma were administered both the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Language System Diagnostic (LSD) test. All subjects were volunteers between the ages of 19 and 39; 96 were female and 19 were male. Subject preference scores obtained from the MBTI and the LSD test were analyzed using Chi Square analysis procedures. The results found that there was an even distribution of primary language representational systems between introvert and extravert personality types. However, there were no significant differences found in the obtained and expected frequency responses among LSD test variables of auditory, visual, and kinesthetic, and MBTI variables of introvert-sensing, introvert- intuitive, extrovert-sensing, and extrovert-intuitive types. In addition, the Language System Diagnostic (LSD) test was an important outcome of this research. It is the first instrument developed that operationalizes a key element from the neurolinguistic programming model, specifically, language representational systems. In conclusion, this study implies that there is an even distribution of introverts and extroverts utilizing the auditory, visual, and kinesthetic language representational systems. Furthermore, this study indicates that there is no relationship between language representational system utilization and Jungian psychological types.

147. Unterberger, Gerhart; Ulbrich, Hanne: Effects of NLP interventions with chronical diseases

Unterberger, Gerhart; Ulbrich, Hanne: Effects of NLP interventions with chronical diseases - the HGT (Hildesheimer Gesundheits-Training) in clinical tests College Hildesheim/Holzminden, Research Project, 1998.Abstract: Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen weisen nach, daß Heilung und Gesundheit nicht nur von körperlichen, sondern in hohem Maße von seelischen, geistigen und sozialen Bedingungen abhängen. Uns bewegt die Frage, ob es mit den powervollen Mitteln des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens möglich ist, hier in relativ kurzer Zeit helfend einzugreifen. Diese Ausgangsüberlegungen finden sich wieder in unserem "mentalen" Gesundheitstraining. Unser Ziel ist es, Blockaden der Selbstheilung abzubauen und Heilungsprozesse mental zu fördern, so daß der Körper - insbesondere das Immunsystem - auf beste Weise die Gesundheit schützen kann und andere Heilmittel optimal wirken können. Die ersten Ergebnisse zu den Effekten im HildesheimerGesundheitsTraining bestätigen unsere Vorannahmen hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit unseres ziel- und ressourcenorientierten Gesundheitstrainings. Anscheinend erweisen sich die im Training angewendeten NLP- Techniken durchaus als erfolgreiche Verfahren zur Gesundheitsförderung. Obwohl das HGT in der orthopädischen Rehabilitation lediglich über einen Zeitraum von 3 Wochen mit insgesamt 12 Trainingsstunden durchgeführt wurde, zeigen sich signifikante Ergebnisse. So beurteilen die Teilnehmenden am HGT den Erfolg ihrer Rehabilitationsmaßnahme durchweg positiver als die Angehörigen der Kontrollgruppe. Vor diesem Hintergrund verspricht die Nachbefragung sechs Monate nach Beendigung der Rehabilitationsmaßnahme interessante Erkenntnisse zur Langzeitwirkung unseres Gesundheitstrainings. -Description: Die Umsetzung wichtiger Erkenntnisse der Psychoneuroimmunologie in eine "komplementäre" Medizin steht erst am Anfang. Deshalb haben wir auf NLP-Basis ein psychologisches Behandlungssystem für Gruppen entwickelt, das diese Erkenntnisse aufgreift - das Hildesheimer Gesundheits-Training (HGT) - und bei chronischen Erkrankungen des Rückens, bei Krebserkrankungen und bei Allergien und Asthma klinisch getestet. Das HGT verbindet in innovativer Weise Gruppenarbeit, Einzeltherapie, Eigenarbeit und die Arbeit mit Trancecassetten. So bleibt die Therapiezeit kurz (ca. 8 Sitzungen à 3 Stunden) und die Kosten- Nutzen-Relation günstig. Daß Effekte von klassischen Gesundheitstrainings oder von NLP- Interventionen klinisch getestet werden, ist im Moment noch eher die Ausnahme als die Regel. Solche Untersuchungen sind aber dringend erforderlich; sie ermöglichen nicht nur die Optimierung eines Verfahrens, sondern auch den Nachweis seiner Effektivität. Dies gewinnt noch an Bedeutung vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion über Qualitätssicherung im Gesundheitswesen. Wir haben das HGT in Reha- Kliniken und bei Selbsthilfegruppen untersucht. Bei chronischen Erkrankungen des Rückens und bei Krebs (Ergebnisse zu Allergien und Asthma werden Mitte 98 vorliegen) zeigen sich signifikante Verbesserungen bei wesentlichen Variablen (wie z.B. der Zufriedenheit mit der Gesundheit, Erschöpfung, Streß u.a.) sowohl am Ende des Trainings als auch nach 6 Monaten. So erhoffen wir, mit diesem laufend optimierten Behandlungssystem auf dem richtigen Weg zu sein zu einer effektiveren und humanen Medizin der Zukunft.

Vander Zyl, Eldon Lee: The effects of meta- model questioning and empathetic responding on concreteness in client statements and client ratings of anxiety and counselor attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(12), 3600- A 3601-A Iowa State University, 117 pp. Order = DA8407xxx, 1983.Abstract: The effects of the meta-model questioning strategy from neurolinguistic programming (NLP) were compared to the effects of an empathy responding strategy in the initial counseling interview. Seventy-two clients were obtained from a pool of undergraduate psychology student volunteers. Two graduate students majoring in counselor education served as the counselors and were trained to deliver the two counseling strategies. A four group design was used for the investigation. Clients were assigned at random to one of the two counselors and to one of the two counseling strategies. Each client was treated in one thirty- minute interview. Five dependent variables were identified to assess the effects of the treatments. The first, concreteness in client statements, was determined by trained raters of concreteness using a five-minute transcribed segment of each interview. The second dependent variable was the change in client anxiety during the counseling interview. Client self-reported anxiety change was assessed immediately following the interview. The final three dependent variables were counselor attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness, as perceived by the clients. The Counselor Rating form was completed by each client immediately following the counseling interview to assess these final three variables. No differences could be shown between the two counseling strategies on any of the five dependent variables. Also, no differences could be shown between the two counselors. An interaction of treatment strategy and counselor was found for self- reported change in client anxiety. The counselors, when using either of the two strategies, were generally perceived to be highly attractive, expert, and trustworthy. On the average, client self- reported anxiety was lowered somewhat for both treatments. Client concreteness scores averaged just below the midpoint on a five-point concreteness scale for both treatments. Possible conclusions and recommendations are discussed.

149. Völter, Joachim: Empirical study of the concept of resources within NLP.

Völter, Joachim: Empirical study of the concept of resources within NLP. University of Tübingen., 1984.Abstract: 20 StudentInnen des Fachs Psychologie wurden mit der Technik des Anker Kollabierens bei einem leichten Selbstsicherheitsproblem behandelt. Dazu wurde zunächst auf einer Skala (0-9) über einen Zeitraum von 14 Tagen, jeweils täglich die Stärke des Problems als baseline erfaßt. Die jeweiligen Problemsituationen der Vpn wurden in der einmaligen Treatmentsitzung taktil am Ellenbogen geankert. Die Ressource am Handgelenk. Bei einer Gruppe war die Ressource selbst gewählt (gewünschtes Verhalten in einer anderen Situation mit Erfolg gezteigt), bei der anderen vorgegeben (Strandentspannung). Die Problemsituations- und die Ressourcenanker wurden anschließend zum Kollabieren gebracht. Nach dem Treatment folgte eine weitere 14 tägige post treatment baseline Erhebung auf der selben Skala. Die Mittelwertsvergleiche der baseline Erhebungen ergaben signifikante Ergebnisse (p<.001) für die Effektivität des Treatments. Desweiteren fand sich ein Geschlechtseffekt. Die Frauen der Studie profitierten signifikant mehr von der Technik des Anker Kollabierens, als die Männer (p<.05). Es fanden sich keine Unterschiede zwischen der selbst gewählten Ressource und der vorgegebenen.

150. Wannewitz, Birgit: Paradoxes in communication and how to resolve them. A case study of communication trainings based on NLP concepts.

Wannewitz, Birgit: Paradoxes in communication and how to resolve them. A case study of communication trainings based on NLP concepts. University of Bielefeld, Bachelor thesis., 1993.Abstract: Weiterbildungsseminare eines großen deutschen Medienkonzerns bilden die Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchung. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei nicht die Bestätigung oder Widerlegung einer bestimmten kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Theorie, sondern es wird zunächst das Modell Gieseckes zur Untersuchung institutioneller Kommunikation auf den Spezialfall des sozialen Systems 'Weiterbildungsseminar' angewendet. Ausgehend von der Vorstellung, daß es eine Normalform bzw. eine Normalformerwartung der kommunikativen Struktur des organisierten Sozialsystems 'Weiterbildungsseminar' gibt, war es der Autorin von Interesse, wie das System mit Abweichungen von dieser Normalform umgeht.

151. Weerth, Rupprecht: A study of the submodality concept in NLP.

Weerth, Rupprecht: A study of the submodality concept in NLP. Multi Mind - NLP aktuell, 3, 9-12, 1992.Abstract: In einer Pilotstudie wird untersucht, inwieweit die im Submodalitaetenkonzept des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) postulierten Veraenderungen der Submodalitaeten (definiert als formal- qualitative Feinunterscheidungen innerhalb jeder Sinnesmodalitaet) von Vorstellungen, die ihrerseits in subjektiv emotionsrelevanten Situationen fester kognitiver Bestandteil sind, emotionsveraendernd wirken koennen. In vier Seminaren wurden 29 Personen in halbstandardisierter Form theoretisch und praktisch in die Eigenanwendungsmoeglichkeiten des Submodalitaetenkonzepts eingefuehrt. Dabei wurden zahlreiche direkte Wirkungen und ein halbes Jahr spaeter deren Dauerhaftigkeit sowie spontan weitergefuehrte Eigenanwendungen von Submodalitaetsveraenderungen abgefragt. Die deskriptive Auswertung ergab bei allen Seminarteilnehmern emotionsrelevante Wirkungen, wobei sich mehr und weniger wirksame Submodalitaeten zeigten. Weiterhin konnten bei knapp zwei Drittel der Teilnehmer verschiedene erfolgreiche Alltagsanwendungen der gelernten Methodik festgestellt werden. Hieraus laesst sich auf die theoretische und praktische Relevanz dieses Teilkonzepts des NLP schliessen. (Autor/Michael Gerards - ZPID)

152. Weerth, Rupprecht: NLP & mental imagery II.

Weerth, Rupprecht: NLP & mental imagery II. Junfermann, 155 pages, 1993.Abstract: In einer Pilotstudie zum Submodalitaetskonzept des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich die Emotionen einer Person durch bewusste Veraenderungen bestimmter Submodalitaeten (definiert als formal- qualitative Feinunterscheidungen innerhalb jeder Sinnesmodalitaet) willentlich beeinflussen lassen. Dabei wurden drei Interventionsmodelle unterschieden: (1) Die nicht gewuenschte Emotion wird durch die Submodalitaetsveraenderung direkt abgeschwaecht, (2) eine intensive Verstaerkung der Submodalitaet (Schwellenueberschreitung) soll die Emotion abschwaechen und nachhaltig aufloesen, (3) von einem emotionalen Problemzustand soll in einen emotionalen Wunschzustand gewechselt werden. In vier Seminaren wurden 29 Personen in halbstandardisierter Form theoretisch und praktisch in die Eigenanwendungsmoeglichkeiten des Submodalitaetenkonzepts eingefuehrt. Direkte Wirkungen wurden waehrend des Seminars und deren Dauerhaftigkeit ein halbes Jahr spaeter abgefragt. Ebenso wurden spontan weitergefuehrte Eigenanwendungen von Submodalitaetsveraenderungen nach dem Seminar erhoben. Die deskriptive Auswertung ergab bei allen Seminarteilnehmern emotionsrelevante Wirkungen durch individuell verschiedene Submodalitaetsveraenderungen. Darueber hinaus konnten bei knapp zwei Drittel der Teilnehmer erfolgreiche Alltagsanwendungen der gelernten Methodik festgestellt werden. Implikationen fuer die theoretische und praktische Relevanz dieses Teilkonzepts des NLP werden aufgezeigt. (Michael Gerards - ZPID)

153. Wertheim, Eleanor H.; Habib, Cherine; Cumming, Geoff: Test of the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis that eye movements relate to processing imagery.

Wertheim, Eleanor H.; Habib, Cherine; Cumming, Geoff: Test of the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis that eye movements relate to processing imagery. Perceptual and Motor Skilled; Apr Vol 62(2) 523-529, 1986.Abstract: Examined the hypothesis that eye- movements reflect sensory processing. 28 right- handed Ss (mean age 24 yrs) first memorized and then recalled visual, auditory, and kinesthetic stimuli. Changes in eye- positions during recall were videotaped and categorized by 2 raters into positions hypothesized by R. Bandler and J. Grinder's (1979) model to represent visual, auditory, and kinesthetic recall. Planned contrast analyses suggested that visual stimulus items, when recalled, elicited significantly more upward eye-positions and stares than auditory and kinesthetic items. Auditory and kinesthetic items, however, did not elicit more changes in eye- position hypothesized by the model to represent auditory and kinesthetic recall, respectively.

154. Wilbur, Michael P.; Roberts-Wilbur, Janice: Categorizing sensory reception in four modes: support for representational systems.

Wilbur, Michael P.; Roberts-Wilbur, Janice: Categorizing sensory reception in four modes: support for representational systems. Perceptual and Motor Skills; Jun Vol 64(3, Pt 1) 875- 886, 1987.Abstract: Explored the basic tenet of neurolinguistic programming theory, concerned with the senses through which people receive information. Visual, auditory-tonal, auditory- digital, and kinesthetic sense modalities were objectively categorized as separate modes for receiving information. The responses of 176 21-47 yr olds in a file- questionnaire setting indicated more preference for the use of auditory-tonal, auditory- digital, and kinesthetic sensory modes than the visual modality. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

155. Wilhelm, Frank Anton: Submodality change and nail chewing. Empirical test of an imaginative method (´Swish´).

Wilhelm, Frank Anton: Submodality change and nail chewing. Empirical test of an imaginative method (´Swish´). Master thesis, Department of Psychology, Philipps- University Marburg, 1991.Abstract: Diese Diplomarbeit setzt sich mit dem Problem des Nägelkauens und seiner Beseitigung bzw. Reduktion mittels NLP Techniken auseinander (swish, switch). Insgesamt nahmen 6 Personen, drei Frauen und drei Männer teil. Alle Vpn führten zur Erhebung von Baselinedaten ein Nägelkautagebuch, in dem unter anderem Kauraten und Häufigkeiten des Nägelkauens festgehalten wurden. Ebenso wurden Fotos der Hände der Vpn vor dem treatment und zum post Zeitpunkt als ein Wirksamkeitskriterium herangezogen. Die verwendeten Techniken brachten beide signifikante Veränderungen der Nägelkauraten und des Wachstums. Die swish- Technik wies deutliche Vorteile gegenüber der switch-Technik auf. Zum follow-up Zeitpunkt waren die erzielten Ergebnisse weiterhin stabil.

156. Wilimek, Jay F.: The use of language representational systems by high and low marital adjustment couples.

Wilimek, Jay F.: The use of language representational systems by high and low marital adjustment couples. Dissertation Abstracts International 40(7), 3914-A University of Utah, 83 pp. Order = 8000971, 1979.Abstract: Predicates used in speech (verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and nominalizations) have been hypothesized by Bandler and Grinder (1976) to provide natural language representations of the sensory perceptions that an individual has relied on to gather information about the world. Bandler and Grinder suggest that language representational systems play an important role in interpersonal communication. Representational systems have also been hypothesized to affect the quality of interaction between marital partners (Bandler, Grinder & Satir, 1976). The present study investigated language representational systems in the natural language of high- adjustment and low-adjustment married couples. Two groups of subjects, with 12 couples in each group, were selected on the basis of their Dyadic Adjustment Scale scores, and then compared for differences in their use of speech predicates in samples of natural language. Ratings of the predicates used by each subject to describe satisfying experiences in a five- minute monologue and to describe upsetting experiences in a second five-minute monologue were a dependent variable. These ratings were also compared to another dependent variable, the subject's ability to use mental imagery, measured by the Betts QMI. Analyses of the data indicated that married people used significantly more auditory predicates and fewer visual predicates when they described upsetting experiences than when they described satisfying experiences. High- adjustment couples use significantly more kinesthetic predicates in descriptions of upsetting experiences than in descriptions of satisfying experiences, while low- adjustment couples showed no differences. Individuals in high- adjustment marriages evidenced significantly better auditory and kinesthetic imagery on the Betts QMI than individuals in low- adjustment marriages. Correlations between the auditory, visual, and kinesthetic scales of the Betts QMI and the use of auditory, visual, and kinesthetic predicates in a natural language sample were low. Extending Bandler, Grinder, and Satir's (1976) theory about representational systems to these data, it appears that married people become more aware of auditory experiences when they are upset (particularly low- adjustment wives), and less aware of their visual experience. Also, spouses in high- adjustment marriages become more aware of their feelings when upset, while individuals in low-adjustment marriages do not become more aware of their feelings. These trends may be related to the poorer auditory and kinesthetic imagery of the low-adjustment couples, as poor imagers have demonstrated more confabulation of the original stimuli in their images than good imagers (Sheehan, 1966). This deficit may promote verbal disagreements over differences in the recalled perception of low-adjustment spouses' shared experiences.

157. Wisser, Christoph: Modality specific imaginative systems: can they be operationalized using the NLP eye movement model?

Wisser, Christoph: Modality specific imaginative systems: can they be operationalized using the NLP eye movement model? Free University of Berlin, Educational and Training Sciences (Department 12), Institut of Psychology, Master thesis., 1993.Abstract: In dieser Arbeit wurden visuelle, auditive und motorisch/kinästhetische Vorstellungen als wichtige Basiselemente der Gedächtnisrepräsentation dargestellt. Eine empirische Studie prüfte, ob einzelne Augenpositionen in der zwischenmenschlichen Kommunikation als Hinweis auf die Aktivierung eines bestimmten Repäsentationssystems verstanden werden. Zur Einordnung des Vorstellungsprozesse in die Stuktur eines Gedächtnismodells erfolgte zunächst die Darstellung von Engelkamps multimodaler Gedächtnistheorie. Kennzeichen dieser Theorie ist die Trennung einer konzeptuellen von einer senso-motorischen Verarbeitungsebene und die partielle Unabhängigkeit der Subsysteme. Die (wahrnehmungsnahen) Repäsentationen in einem der fünf Sinne (sehen, hören, fühlen, riechen, schmecken) bilden gemeinsam mit den motorischen Repäsentationen die sechs Subsysteme des sensomotorischen Systems. Verbale Verarbeitungssysteme bilden auf beiden Ebenen separate Einheiten, alle Systeme sind jedoch untereinander vernetzt. Vorstellungen treten in Zusammenhang mit der Aktivierung der Subsysteme auf. Im Anschluß an diese Gedächtnistheorie wurde der Prozeß der Vorstellung am Beispiel verschiedener Modalitäten veranschaulicht. Die funktionalistische Vorstellungstheorie von Kossly beschreibt die Entstehung, die Erneuerung und die Veränderung visueller Vorstellungen. In Analogie zu Computer- systemen benennt Kosslyn ein Projektionsmedium im Kurzzeitspeicher (den visuellen buffer) und verschiedene Operatoren (die Module). Die Module stehen dabei für eine Funktion, die die visuelle Vorstellung im visuellen buffer auf die eine oder andere Art modifizieren. Bei den auditiven und sprachlichen Vorstellungen wurden die Auffassungen Baddley und MacKay über einen separaten phonologischen Speicher im Kurzzeitspeicher einender gegenübergestellt. Sprachliche Vorstellung unterscheidet sich bei MacKay von Sprachwahrnehmung nur durch die Aktivierung teilweiser anderer Subsysteme. Die Auseinandersetzung mit kinästhetisch/motorischen Vorstellungen beschränkte sich auf eine erste Annäherung, da bisher kaum verwertbare empirisches Material zu diesem Verstellungsbereich vorliegt. Ein Modell aus dem Bereich der Sprachproduktion, das eine motorische Aktivierung ohne Muskelinnervation vorsieht, wurde auf motorische Vorstellungen allgemein übertragen. Als theoretische Fundierung der empirischen Studie (im engeren Sinn) wurden drei Modelle des Neuro-linguistischen Programmierens vorgestellt. Das Repäsentationsmodell beschreibt, wie Individuen ihre umwelt mit Hilfe der sensorischen Repäsentationssysteme modellieren. Das Prädikatenmodell weist auf die Möglichkeit hin, durch den Gebrauch sinnesspezifischer Prädikate das jeweils aktivierte Repäsentationssystem bei einer Person zu erkennen. Das Augenbewegungsmodell postuliert, daß diese Prozesse auch anhand spezifischer Augen- positionen erkannt werden könnte. Die empirische Studie sollte über die Relevanz dieses Modells für das Alltagswissen Auskunft geben. Die Vpn bewerteten Aussagen über den Informationsverarbeitungszustand eines fiktiven Gegenübers (in Form eines Schemagesichts). Dabei wurde die Augenposition des Schemagesichts variiert. Die Annahme, daß die impliziten Modelle der Vpn dem Augenbewegungsmodell des NLP entsprechen würden, fand keine Bestätigung in den Ergebnissen der Studie.

158. Yapko, Michael D.: Neurolinguistic Programming, hypnosis, and interpersonal influence.

Yapko, Michael D.: Neurolinguistic Programming, hypnosis, and interpersonal influence. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(8), 3204-B Michigan State University, 186 pp. Pub. = AAC8103393, 1980.Abstract: The already high and still increasing incidence of emotional and/or behavioral disorders is the concern of psychotherapists, who use communication in diverse ways with the intention of influencing others to be more well adjusted in their lives. The Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model of communication states that the language a person unconsciously uses reflects his/her most favored sense for processing information. This most favored sense is called the "primary representational system", and should a psychotherapist or other influential communicator use language structures which match those of the person being communicated with, it is theorized that greater rapport and influence may be obtained. The purpose of this study was to test this belief. The research conducted involved exposing 30 student- volunteer research subjects to three different hypnotic relaxation inductions containing predicates corresponding to each of the three major representational systems people theoretically use in processing information (auditory, kinesthetic, and visual). The subjects' individual primary representational systems (PRSs) were assessed from their spontaneous speech in answering open-ended questions, and the relationship between levels of relaxation relative to strength of each of the representational systems of the person was assessed. Data from the one-way within-subjects analysis of variance indicated subjects objectively obtained greatest relaxation when experiencing the hypnotic induction that contained predicates corresponding to their primary representational system. Furthermore, subjects objectively relaxed next best with the induction that contained predicates corresponding to their secondary representational system, and third best with the induction that contained predicates corresponding to their tertiary representational system (p<.05). As expected, correlation coefficients describing the relationship between demographic variables did not evidence any significant relationships. This study supported the contention of Richard Bandler and John Grinder in their Neurolinguistic Programming formulations concerning the value of identifying and matching primary representational system predicates for enhancing communication. The research conclusion was that the matching of primary representational system predicates will increase the level of relaxation of subjects exposed to matching and non- matching hypnotic inductions. If effective communication skills can be learned according to a systematic and deliberate pattern, and it would appear they can, then those persons who most rely on communication for helping others can improve the quality of their work by attaining such knowledge and using it to enhance the quality of their communication. Further research is needed to more clearly define the components of effective communication and integrate their recognition and utilization into professional training programs.

159. Yapko, Michael D.: The effect of matching primary representational system predicates on hypnotic relaxation.

Yapko, Michael D.: The effect of matching primary representational system predicates on hypnotic relaxation. in: American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 23, 169-175. Winteler, A., UnivBW Fak SOWI, 1981.Abstract: Primary representational system. Using similar language structures while interacting is thought to increase rapport and influence. This study tested that assumption. Thirty subjects were exposed to three different hypnotic inductions varying in sensory language structure according to major representational systems. Subjects were evaluated by EMG for relaxation obtained from compatible and non compatible inductions. Subjects objectively obtained greatest relaxation when experiencing hypnotic inductions containing predicates corresponding to their PRS (p< .05). Matching PRS predicates increases the relaxation level of subjects exposed to matching and nonmatching hypnotic inductions. Identifying and matching PRS language structures appears to enhance rapport andinfluence. Subjects relaxed second most with their secondary representational system (RS) and least with their tertiar RS.

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