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1. Allen, Keith L.: An investigation of the effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming procedures in treating snake phobics.
Allen, Keith L.: An investigation of the effectiveness of Neurolinguistic Programming procedures in treating snake phobics. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(3), 861- B University of Missouri at Kansas City, 76 pp. Pub. = AAC8216956, 1982.Abstract: New procedures of psychotherapy are presented periodically in an effort to find more effective and efficient therapy techniques. One recent procedure that is being presented in a variety of workshops around the country is Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), which has been praised as a great advancement for current therapy. NLP has been claimed to be able to "cure" a person of a phobia in a single brief therapy session. This study explored the effectiveness of NLP techniques in changing the behavior of snake phobics under controlled conditions. Thirty-six undergraduate students, identified as snake phobics by their responses on the Fear Survey Schedule II and Behavior Avoidance Test, took part in this experiment. They were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) waiting list control group; (b) NLP treatment group; and, (c) a single session of massed systematic desensitization (MSD) treatment group. All 36 subjects took the Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer as pretest and posttest. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by number of subjects were able to pick up a snake on the posttest, and by examining differences in scores from pretest to posttest on the Behavior Avoidance Test and Fear Thermometer. One research question examined whether there would be differences among subjects in the three groups in their ability to approach a snake following the conditions of their group. Another research question explored whether there would be a difference in the level of fear expressed during completion of snake approach tasks by subjects in the three groups after treatment. Results of data analyses failed to support that a statistically significant difference existed between subjects who received no treatment and those who received NLP or MSD treatment. The conclusion was made that NLP and MSD had no effect on subjects' fear of snakes. While NLP treatment subjects neither completed more snake approach tasks nor reported less fear while performing those tasks, they did report more frequently that they thought they were over their fear of snakes. It was recommended that further research with larger populations and different phobias be conducted to determine if these results are reliable with different subjects, different therapists, and different phobias.

2. Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of NLP: mere suggestion or reality?
Apostel, Birgit: The eye movement hypothesis of NLP: mere suggestion or reality? Free University of Berlin, educational sciences (Department 12), Institut of Psychology, Master thesis., 1993.Abstract: Im Rahmen des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) ist von Bandler und Grinder (1979, 1981) behauptet worden, man könne bestimmte innere Prozesse an bestimmten Augenpositionen erkennen. Dies konnte trotz zahlreicher Bemühungen empirisch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Da das NLP einem programmatischen Ansatz zuzuordnen ist, soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit versucht weren, das sogenannte Augenbewegungsmodell auch auf seine Funktion hin zu untersuchen. In der ersten Untersuchung sollten jeweils 12 Vpn anhand kurzer, schriftlicher Anleitungen entweder das Augenbewegungsmodell oder ein Gedächtnismodell des NLP lernen und anwenden. Die erhobenen Veränderungen im Denk- and Kommunikationsverhalten waren zwar weitgehend unabhängig von den Fragebogenversionen, kovariierten jedoch stark mit dem Grad der Beschäftigung der Vpn mit dem Lernstoff. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten 25 Vpn beurteilen, für wie zutreffend sie Items, die den von NLP postulierten Kategorien innerer Prozesse entsprachen, für sechs verschiedene Fotos mit unterschiedlichen Augenpositionen hielten. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen zum größten Teil den NLP- Hypothesen.

3. Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational systems and interpersonal attraction.
Appel, Philip R.: Matching of representational systems and interpersonal attraction. Dissertation Abstracts International 43(9), 3021-B United States International University, 192 pp. Pub. = AAC8301835, 1983.Abstract: This study was an empirical investigation of one aspect of the Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) model developed since 1975 by Bandler and Grinder. The relationship between matching Primary Representational Systems (PRSs) and interpersonal attraction was examined. This research was a necessary first step toward clinical application since, if language usage were found to enhance interpersonal attraction, training in PRS matching might provide a useful tool for psychotherapists. The 143 adult respondents represented a general cross- section of the United States population. They rated the attractiveness of three male and three female target presenters giving recorded monologue segments in language indicative of the three most common PRSs. A counter-balanced design employing a Latin square variation established the sequence of the segments. Attraction was measured via the second scale, Counselor Rating Form (Barak and LaCrosse, 1975). A null hypothesis was investigated, first through measuring the relationship between attraction and the respondent's primary, secondary, and least-used representational systems; then by measuring visual, auditory and kinesthetic PRS-oriented respondents' attraction toward target individuals presenting in the three PRSs. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance to discover the perceived attractiveness according to (1) PRS matching, (2) sex and (3) interaction of PRS matching and sex. The findings showed that PRS matching and sex made a difference in the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness (of the target individuals) only as follows: Targets of the opposite sex were experienced as significantly more attractive (p<.05) and the interaction of secondary representational system and opposite sex showed a significant relationship (p<.05) with the respondents' perceptions of attractiveness.

4. Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe, and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics (psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)).
Asbell, Henry C.: Effects of reflection, probe, and predicate matching on perceived counselor characteristics (psychotherapy, interpersonal attraction, Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)). Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3515-B University of Missouri at Kansas City, 115 pp. Pub. = AAC8404790, 1983.Abstract: The present study examined effects of reflection, probes, predicate matching, and casual conversation on perception of counselor warmth, threateningness, helpfulness, and quality of counseling relationship. Each of 128 subjects heard one of eight recordings of seven- minute counseling session segments. Subjects then completed a counselor evaluation inventory consisting of 35 statements, each to be rated on a seven-point scale. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (a) Counseling techniques would affect counselor-warmth ratings; (b) counseling technique would affect counselor-threat ratings; (c) counseling technique would affect counselor-helpfulness ratings; (d) counseling technique would affect ratings on two versions of the Counselor Relationship Inventory; (e) four items in the Counselor Relationship Inventory would be answered differentially depending on counseling technique; and, (f) counseling technique would have a differential effect on the total score on the original Counselor Relationship Inventory II, indicating instrument bias. Effects of counseling technique on the dependent variable scales were tested using seven one-way analyses of variance with Scheffe multiple ranges tests. Counseling technique was found to differentially affect perception of warmth, threat, helpfulness, and both relationship scales. Predicate- matching received higher warmth ratings than reflection or non- counseling, and was rated less threatening than reflections and probes. Predicate-matching was also rated most helpful of the four techniques. Non-counseling conversation was rated least helpful. Predicate-matching also received higher ratings on the relationship scales than reflections or probes. Comparison of scores on a four- item subscale of the Counselor Relationship Inventory with scores on four items designed to eliminate pro-reflection bias indicated that the original items were answered more favorably for reflective counselors than for predicate- matchers. However, total score on the Counselor Relationship Inventory was not significantly affected. It was concluded that item-bias was not of sufficient magnitude to effect instrument-bias. Correlation coefficients indicated that the short scales for warmth, threat, and helpfulness were internally consistent. However, two items in the original Counselor Relationship Inventory were found to be non- significantly correlated with total inventory score.

5. Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta-model and general systems in early psychotherapy.
Atwater, John M.: Differential effects of interventions from the Neurolinguistic Programming meta- model and general systems in early psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(9), 2887-B 2888-B Texas A & M University, 88 pp. Pub. = DA8329895, 1983.Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to assess the differential effects of initial counseling sessions that used basic components of the NLP meta-model as compared to initial sessions which used interventions central to the general systems approach. Subjects consisted of 44 undergraduate students who were randomly selected from a pool of volunteers who had previously expressed an interest in participating in counseling research. The subjects were randomly assigned to a session in which interventions from the meta-model were employed or to a session in which techniques from the general systems approach were used. A posttest-only control group design was employed and the resultant data subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. No differences were found between the meta- model and the general systems group. Each experimental cell was evaluated from three vantage points: from the perspective of the counselee; the counselor; and external raters. The dependent measures were the Counseling Evaluation Inventory (CEI), the Counselor Rating Form (CRF), the Depth of Self- Exploration Scale (DS-ES), and a shortened form of the CEI. Both approaches received favorable scores from the three vectors of evaluation. However, the results failed to provide evidence that there are measurable differences between counseling sessions which use interventions from the NLP meta-model and counseling sessions which employ verbal interactions from the general systems approach. These findings suggest that the interventions from the NLP meta-model are neither better nor worse than those techniques currently presented in psychological training programs. Thus, further research is encouraged to understand the appropriate use of the NLP meta-model in counseling and psychotherapy.

6. Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on headache pain.
Bacon, Stephen C.: Neurolinguistic Programming and psychosomatic illness: a study of the effects of reframing on headache pain. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(7), 2233-B University of Montana, 110 pp. Pub. = DA8326959, 1983.Abstract: This study compared the effects of reframing, a neurolinguistic programming technique, and relaxation therapy on headache pain. Through advertising, 32 subjects were recruited who suffered from a variety of nontraumatic headaches. They were randomly assigned to four experimental cells formed by the interaction of the two treatments and two therapists. Following four weeks of baseline headache monitoring, the subjects received three weeks of treatment and then continued to record headache data for a four week follow-up period. The results showed significant pre-post gains for both therapies but there were no differences between the treatments. However, there were significant differences in therapist's effectiveness. The literature of psychotherapeutic approaches to headache control is selectively reviewed and reframing is analyzed and compared to similar extant treatments. The results are discussed and a limited recommendation is offered for further research.

7. Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement hypothesis.
Baddeley, Mark; Predebon, John: "Do the eyes have it?": A test of neurolinguistic programming's eye movement hypothesis. Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis; Mar Vol 12(1) 1-23, 1991.Abstract: Conducted 2 studies with 62 female undergraduates to investigate neurolinguistic programming's eye- movement hypothesis. These studies incorporated distinctions between remembered and constructed sensory specific experiences. Results failed to support the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis although post-hoc tests located some distinctive eye- movement trends. There was a tendency for the auditory remembered questions to be associated with a greater number of predicted eye movements than expected by chance. Visually remembered and auditory constructed questions tended to be positively associated with predicted eye- movements both within and across eye- movement instances. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

8. Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts of NLP (Part 1).
Bärsch, Martin: Empirical study of concepts of NLP (Part 1). University of Tübingen, unpublished Master thesis., 1983.Abstract: Untersucht wurde die Fragestellung, inwieweit das Angleichen der verwendeten Klienten- Prädikate durch den Therapeuten, ein Gütekriterium für die Gesprächsqualität sein kann. (Die Untersuchung war eine Teiluntersuchung eines größeren Projektes.) 26 Teilnehmer an einem Trainigskurs für psychologische Beratung nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. Es gab zwei Beratungsgespräche. Im ersten Beratungsgespräch kannte der Therapeut die Methode des matchings noch nicht, im zweiten war er bereits eingeführt worden. Die verwendeten Prädikate der Klienten innerhalb der ersten 4 Gesprächsminuten und die verwendeten Prädikate des Therapeuten in der 8-12 Minute wurden von drei Ratern kategorisiert (V,A,K). Die Sitzungen wurden Videotechnisch aufgenommen. Unspezifische Prädikate wurden nicht berücksichtigt. Vor der Datenauswertung wurde die Interraterreliabilitäten ermittelt. Sie lagen bei r=.02 und r=.06. Diese waren dem Autor zu gering und die Untersuchung wurde aus der Gesamtuntersuchung ausgesondert. Festgestellt wurde dennoch, daß bei allen Ratings die kinästhetische Kategorie überwiegte. Kritik: Aufgrund des nicht ganz einsichtlichen Abbruchkriteriums wurden die Daten nicht erschöpfend ausgewertet und tragen daher für die NLP Forschung keinen Gewinn bei.

9. Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for the representation of consciousness.
Beale, Russell P., Jr.: The testing of a model for the representation of consciousness. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(9), 3565-B 2566-B The Fielding Institute, 126 pp. Order = 8106799, 1980.Abstract: This dissertation tests the Bandler and Grinder model for the representation of consciousness. The problem examined is a psychological and phenomenological one which confronts the issue of whether there is a meaningful association of objective and subjective descriptions of experience. The Bandler and Grinder postulate claims that by observing eye movements and verbal predicates, psychotherapists and communicators can identify how a person is organizing his ongoing conscious experience. The experiment offers a video tape procedure exposing 40 college students to a test of 24 stimulus items. The items are based on the assumptions of Bandler and Grinder that people organize their experience in visual, kinesthetic and auditory categories and that they have a "most highly valued system" for organizing experience. The stimulus items were constructed so that six objects were held constant as the stimulus experience was varied. In addition, after an interviewer presented the items to the subjects, a standard probe question was asked. This yielded a total of N = 960 observations per stimulus. The experiment was videotaped in order to record the eye movements and predicate responses of the subjects. The design tested whether a significant number of observations corresponded to the predicate stimulus for the combination of eye movements and verbal predicates. Hypotheses were made for each variable, visual, kinesthetic, and auditory, as well as for the prediction of a "most highly valued system". Responses in categories predicted by the model to the stimulus modes served to substantiate or not substantiate the model. Hypotheses for the combined predictions of eye movements and verbal predicates were not substantiated. The findings show that the predominant eye movements were in an upward direction regardless of a shift in the stimulus. However, the predicate portion of the hypotheses was substantiated, confounding the results. A conclusion substantiating the model's postulate of a "most highly valued system" was not supported. The evidence presented suggests that the organization of ongoing conscious experience cannot be identified solely in terms of visual, kinesthetic, and auditory representations. A different interpretation of the significance of eye movements and predicates has been found to be that eye movement patterns and verbal predicates are separate and distinct expressive behaviors accessible to observation but not literally descriptive of internal processes. Inferences were made regarding implications for psychotherapy and communication, and for further research regarding the processes of subjective and objective organization of experience.

10. Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions.
Beck, Charles E.; Beck, Elizabeth A.: Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions. Perceptual and Motor Skills; Feb Vol 58(1) 175-176, 1984.Abstract: Suggests that the findings of T. C. Thomason et al (see PA, Vol 66:7496) interpreted as disproving the eye- movement hypothesis are based on a misunderstanding of the neurolinguistic programming model. Their findings of consistent patterns tends to support the hypothesis that eye movements reflect internal processes regardless of specific stimuli.

11. Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients' perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy.
Bergman, Richard A.: The therapist's and clients' perspectives of mental imagery interventions in psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 50(6), 1597.Abstract: This study explored the therapist's and clients' perspectives of psychotherapy sessions in which mental imagery interventions were used. The interventions dealt with clients' perceptions, imaginations and memories. The imagery interventions for this study emphasized techniques from Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) and Ericksonian hypnosis.

12. Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal impact.
Billups, Andrew J.: Representational system congruence (predicate matching) as a dimension of interpersonal impact. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3517-B Virginia Consortium for Professional Psychology,Old Dominion University, 115 pp. Pub. = AAC8404350, 1983.Abstract: Bandler and Grinder (1975) have contended that individuals express themselves consistently in a language which is suggestive of a particular sensory modality called a "primary representational system" (PRS) and that by matching the PRS of another in one's own speech (i.e. "predicate matching") the relationship is facilitated. The present study investigated these assertions utilizing five trained counselors and forty undergraduate students in introductory psychology. The present study found little support for the stability of a person's PRS across different topics through the impact of predicate matching. Ss were met individuals and asked to speak extemporaneously into a tape recorder for one minute on each of three topics: a memorable vacation, an enjoyable meal, and a troublesome problem. Following the recording, Ss were played four cassettes (one for each PRS) prepared by the examiner to have the same topical content described above and to have a distinctive and highly saturated PRS. After each stimulus tape recording was presented, Ss completed either a simple rating measure involving a "like-dislike" dimension or they completed an Impact Message Inventory (Kiesler et. al., 1975). No significant consistency (Kendall Tau) was noted with regard to PRS material across topics. T- statistical evaluation for paired observations failed to confirm the experimental hypotheses that listeners would better "like" taped material sharing their own PRS (i.e., "congruence") nor were affiliation-related subscales of the IMI higher under conditions of congruence or mistrust-related subscales higher under conditions of incongruence. Results were discussed in light of other findings and in terms of some methodological shortcomings of the present investigation.

13. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic assumptions of NLP.
Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of basic assumptions of NLP. Integrative Therapie, 13 (4), 397- 406, 1987.Abstract: Ausgehend von der Kritik, dass Modellvorstellungen des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) nicht wissenschaftlich belegt und Postulate bislang nicht operationalisiert worden sind, werden die zentralen Konstrukte des Modells experimentell ueberprueft. Dazu wurden die Blicke von 40 rechtshaendigen und 9 linkshaendigen Versuchspersonen beim Beantworten von Fragen gefilmt. Mit geschlossenen Fragen sollten die postulierten Repraesentationssysteme aktiviert werden, was an systematischen Augenbewegungen haette ablesbar sein muessen. Durch offene Fragen wurde die Wahl einer bevorzugten Prozesswortkategorie (visuell, auditiv, kinaesthetisch) den Versuchspersonen ueberlassen; damit sollte das Vorhandensein primaerer Repraesentationssysteme angezeigt werden. Die Auswertung konnte die untersuchten theoretischen Konstrukte des NLP nicht belegen. (Zeitschrift/Claudia Greve - ZPID)

14. Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of theoretical constructs essential to NLP.
Bliemeister, Joachim: An empirical test of theoretical constructs essential to NLP. Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Psychologie, 17 (1), 21- 30, 1988.Abstract: Investigates the validity of the theory of representational systems used by Bandler and Grinder to explain the efficacy of neurolinguistic programming (NLP). The eye movements of 40 right-handed and 40 left-handed subjects were videotaped while the subjects answered questions. Closed questions directed at the activation of particular representational systems, while open questions left the choice of preferred category of process words (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) to the subjects and should thus have revealed the presence of primary representational systems. The results did not provide support for any of the theoretical constructs of NLP under investigation. (Journal/Sally Bellows - ZPID)

15. Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing basic assumptions of NLP.
Bliemeister, Joachim; Morgenroth, David: Testing basic assumptions of NLP. David Morgenroth, 1986.Abstract: Ziel der Diplomarbeit war es, die zentralen Grundannahmen des NLP zu überprüfen. Dazu wurden Blickbewegungen der Vpn gefilmt, während sie Fragen beantworteten, die sich auf die verschiedenen Sinnesmodalitäten bezogen. Die Fragen sollten bestimmtes Blickverhalten induzieren.Das Filmmaterial wurde sowohl nach Blickrichtung, als auch nach Aussagen der Vpn ausgewertet. Es fand sich kein spezifisches Blickverhalten aufgrund der gestellten Fragen. Keine Augenbewegungsmodellvorhersage konnte nachgewiesen werden. es fanden sich weiterhin keine anderen als die im Modell nahegelegten Blickbewegungssystematiken. Keine der Grundannahmen konnte somit bestätigt werden.

16. Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the effects of metaphor on self- disclosure.
Botzum, Gerald D.: Therapeutic suggestion: the effects of metaphor on self- disclosure. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(11), 3612, 1984.Abstract: This study was conducted in order to access the efficacy of therapeutic suggestion in regard to client behaviours. More specifically, it examined the effects of serial metaphor on subject willingness to self- disclose to a male counselor. Using a posttest-only control group design, undergraduate male college students were randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. Treatment subjects listened to a 12-minute audiotape, consisting of a three- minute orientation lead-in and a nine-minute series of related metaphors. Metaphors were designed to psychologically suggest permissions to be willing to self-disclose to an appropriate target person, namely a male counselor. Control subjects heard only the three-minute lead-in. Subjects responded to a modified Jourard and Jaffee Questionnaire, containing items of high and low intimacy level value. Analysis of Variance and Covariance were performed. Although scores for the willingness to disclose to high intimacy items were observed to increase in the predicted direction, they did not differ from chance occurrence. Unequivocal support for a treatment effect could not be determined. Willingness to disclose was found to be significantly related to past disclosures. Also, degree of disclosures was significantly greater for low intimacy items. Recommendations for future research were presented.

17. Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options.
Brandis, Alan D.: A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(11), 4642-B California School of Professional Psychology, 161 pp. Order = DA8626141, 1986.Abstract: This study tested an experimental intervention utilizing techniques of Neuro- Linguistic Programming (NLP) to help parents reduce their anger responses toward their children. A new instrument, the Parental Provocation Inventory (PPI), was developed to assess changes in parental anger responses. The PPI is composed of 16 vignettes of parent-child situations requiring a parental response, which were grouped into four scales by a factor analysis. The scales were reliable by test-retest and were orthagonal, as demonstrated in the pilot study. Another instrument, the Parents' Report (PR), was used for comparison. The Parent Training Procedure (PTP) is a highly structured intervention which utilizes Anchoring, in which external stimuli ("anchors") are associated with inner response strategies in order to stabilize, transfer, and combine them. One technique used was the Collapse Anchors procedure in which one anchor, associated with appropriate inner resources or abilities, is "fired" simultaneously with another anchor, associated with an inner representation of a problem situation. The anchors are thus "collapsed" and the needed resources or abilities are then available in the problem situation. A Self- Anchoring procedure, in which subjects were taught to "fire" their resource anchors in actual parent-child situations, was also utilized. A detailed outline of the PTP was adhered to, and Programmer's Checklists were used to record each step of the intervention. The two instruments were administered before and after the PTP. A control group was pre- and post-tested but received no treatment. ANOVA's and Eta(2) coefficients yielded no significance. However, a post-hoc analysis revealed that a strong experimental effect was demonstrated on the PPI by four (half) of the Experimental group subjects, dubbed the "High Change" subgroup (the other four, the "Low Change" subgroup). The differences between these subgroups could not be explained by differences at pre-test, which were negligible, nor by the differential effect of the two programmers. Analysis of the Programmer's Checklists revealed that the subgroup differences were strongly related to the differential success of the Self- Anchoring portion of the PTP, somewhat less so to the differential success of the Collapse Anchors portion. Recommendations for future research are made.

18. Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction within NLP-based shorttime therapy with differential success - two single case studies.
Brandl, Tobias: Characteristics of interaction within NLP- based shorttime therapy with differential success -  two single case studies. University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, unpublished Master thesis., 1997.Abstract: Das Thema der Arbeit liegt im Bereich der einzelfallorientierten Psychotherapie- Prozeßforschung. Über eine systematische Verhaltensbeobachtung der kompletten Interaktion in zwei unterschiedlich erfolgreichen NLP- Kurzzeittherapien und einer anschließenden Interaktionsanalyse wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich der unterschiedliche Therapieerfolg mit unterschiedlichen Interaktionsmerkmalen erklären läßt. Für diesen Vergleich werden zwei Therapien ausgewählt, die sich hinsichtlich grundsätzlicher Variablen gleichen (dieselbe Therapeutin, dasselbe Behandlungsprogramm, beide Klientinnen haben eine Tierphobie und gleichen sich in den soziodemographischen Daten). Diese Fragestellung wird aus einer ausführlichen Darstellung theoretischer , empirischer und methodischer Aspekte der Psychotherapieforschung hergeleitet. Dabei liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf allgemeinen systemtheoretischen Überlegungen, die im Rahmen eines theoretischen Therapieprozeßmodells auf den Bereich der Psychotherapieforschung übertragen werden. Als zentrale Ergebnisse lassen sich festhalten: (1) In der erfolglosen Therapie ist die verbale Aktivität der Klientin geringer. Dies steht in einem zirkulären Bedingungszusammenhang mit den häufigeren geschlossenen Informationsfragen der Therapeutin. (2) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie zeigt die Klientin häufiger 'positive' Mitarbeit. Dies steht in einem Bedingungszusammenhang mit den häufigeren Unterstützungen durch die Therapeutin. (3) Gesprächspausen werden von den Klientinnen unterschiedlich genutzt. In der erfolglosen Therapie im Sinne einer 'negativen' Mitarbeit, in der erfolgreicheren Therapie im Sinne einer 'positiven' Mitarbeit. (4) In der erfolglosen Therapie konzentriert sich die Klientin bei ihren Problembeschreibungen stärker auf spezifische Probleme und weniger auf sachliche Berichte. (5) In der erfolgreicheren Therapie versucht die Therapeutin im stärkeren Maße sich einzufühlen und sie gibt häufiger Interpretationen. (6) Das als Beobachtungssystem verwendete 'Codiersystem zur Interaktion in der Psychotherapie' von Schindler (1989) wird positiv beurteilt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die meisten Hypothesen, welche zum einen aus systemtheoretischen Überlegungen und zum anderen aus den von Grawe (1995b) konzipierten vier zentralen Wirkprinzipien und empirischen Befunden hergeleitet werden. Zusammenfassend wird festgestellt, daß die beiden Therapien sich hinsichtlich statischer und dynamischer Interaktionsmerkmale vielfältig unterscheiden und diese Differenzen eine Möglichkeit bieten, den unterschiedlichen Therapieerfolg ansatzweise zu erklären.

19. Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction using a systematic desensitization technique.
Brengle, Edward Q. III: Preference for sensory modality of mental imagery and its relationship to stress reduction using a systematic desensitization technique. Dissertation Abstracts International 40(4), 1878-B Wayne State University, 128 pp., 1979.Abstract: This study investigated a hypothesis that preferenc